Abstract
The annual production of grape worldwide amounts to almost 70 million tons, and around 80% is used for winemaking. The two major wastes from winemaking process, pomace and lees account for 20 and 7% of the grapes, respectively. They have been expected as a valuable resource to be recycled because they are rich in polyphenols. Polyphenols possess prooxidatve activity as well as antioxidative one just like a two sides of a coin. A typical example of the prooxidative activity is antibacterial activity of catechins. The activity is exerted through oxidation of phenolic hydroxyl moiety coulpled with reduction of dissolved oxygen leading to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. In addition, once the oxidation of phenolic hydroxyl moiety is augmented by photoirradiation, highly reactive hydroxyl radical (·OH) is generated. Accordingly, there have been several reports showing that photoirardiation of polyphenols exerts bactericidal activity via ·OH generation. This review focuses mainly on antimicrobial intervention by photoirradiation of grape pomace extract in relation to ·OH generation analyzed by an electron spin resonance-spin trapping method.
Highlights
Reviewed by: Ana Denicola, University of the Republic, Uruguay Yeong-Renn Chen, Northeast Ohio Medical University, United States
This review focuses mainly on antimicrobial intervention by photoirradiation of grape pomace extract in relation to ·OH generation analyzed by an electron spin resonance-spin trapping method
Since the generation of ·OH from grape pomace extract (GPE) is terminated by cessation of photoirradiation, the prooxidative action does not continue after the disinfection treatment
Summary
Polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in fruits, nuts, vegetables and flowers are noteworthy for their antioxidative activity (Kondo et al, 1999; Liu et al, 2000; Yilmaz and Toledo, 2004). It was shown that an anticancer action of plant polyphenols is executed by intracellular copper mobilization and ROS generation, which would be a feature of prooxidative properties of polyphenols, leading to cancer cell death (Khan et al, 2014). The other typical example of prooxidative action of polyphenols is antibacterial activity of catechins. It was reported that catechins (epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate) possess strong bactericidal action due to ROS such as H2O2 generated through the oxidation of catechins as the active mechanism (Arakawa et al, 2004). Focusing attention on the antibacterial action of catechins, several studies have been conducted. The concept of these studies is that photoirradiation could augment the oxidation of polyphenols, especially the phenolic hydroxyl moieties
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