Antimicrobial Efficacy of Glass Ionomer Cement in Incorporation with Biogenic Zingiber officinale Capped Silver-Nanobiotic, Chlorhexidine Diacetate and Lyophilized Miswak.

Sakeenabi Basha,Amal Adnan Ashour,Enas T Enan,Sanaa M F Gad El-Rab,Amal Ahmed Alyamani,Nayef H Felemban

doi:10.3390/molecules27020528

Sakeenabi Basha, Amal Adnan Ashour + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020528

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Abstract

In the present study, Zingiber officinale is used for the synthesis of Zingiber officinale capped silver nanoparticles (ZOE-AgNPs) and compares the antimicrobial efficacy and compressive strength of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) combined with ZOE-AgNPs, lyophilized miswak, and chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX) against oral microbes. Five groups of the disc-shaped GIC specimens were prepared. Group A: lyophilized miswak and GIC combination, Group B: ZOE-AgNPs and GIC combinations, Group C: CHX and GIC combination, Group D: ZOE-AgNPs + CHX + GIC; Group E: Conventional GIC. Results confirmed the successful formation of ZOE-AgNPs that was monitored by UV-Vis sharp absorption spectra at 415 nm. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results revealed the formation of ZOE-AgNPs with a mean size 10.5–14.12 nm. The peaks of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were appearing the involvement of ZOE components onto the surface of ZOE-AgNPs which played as bioreducing, and stabilizing agents. At a 24-h, one-week and three-week intervals, Group D showed the significantly highest mean inhibitory zones compared to Group A, Group B, and Group C. At microbe-level comparison, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited significantly by all the specimens tested except group E when compared to Candida albicans. Group D specimens showed slightly higher (45.8 ± 5.4) mean compressive strength in comparison with other groups. The combination of GIC with ZOE-AgNPs and chlorhexidine together enhanced its antimicrobial efficacy and compressive strength compared to GIC with ZOE-AgNPs or lyophilized miswak or chlorhexidine combination alone. The present study revealed that The combination of GIC with active components of ZOE-AgNPs and chlorhexidine paves the way to lead its effective nano-dental materials applications.

Highlights

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is widely accepted and is the most commonly used acid-based cement in the restoration of carious lesions due to its distinctive properties like chemical adhesion to the tooth structure, good biocompatibility, fluoride release, and reduced thermal expansion [1]
The UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis peak displayed at 415 nm for ZOE-AgNPs (Figure 1)
The present study showed that an addition of lyophilized miswak to glass ionomer cement (GIC) enhanced its antimicrobial efficacy

Summary

Introduction

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is widely accepted and is the most commonly used acid-based cement in the restoration of carious lesions due to its distinctive properties like chemical adhesion to the tooth structure, good biocompatibility, fluoride release, and reduced thermal expansion [1]. Various antimicrobial agents were incorporated into GIC to enhance its antimicrobial efficacy without affecting its mechanical properties [4,5,6,7] Inorganic antimicrobial agents such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) offer long term antibacterial activity, high surface to volume ratio, low bacterial resistance, high thermal stability, and low volatility [8,9]. The present study aims to compare the antimicrobial efficacy and compressive strength of conventional GIC combined with biosynthesized AgNPs, miswak extract, or chlorhexidine and a combination of AgNPs and chlorhexidine together with GIC (Scheme 1) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and C. albicans because oral microorganisms like S. mutans, S. aureus and C. albicans with other microbes forms dental plaque [25]

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