Abstract
The emergence of biogenic nanomaterials as novel antimicrobials introduces a new paradigm in human health care. Based on the recent reports of the World Health Organization, infectious diseases pose one of the greatest health challenges. Increased multi-drug resistance prevalence among human pathogens, due to the inefficiency of commercially available antimicrobial drugs in the market is a great threat to humans. The poor solubility, stability and side effects of the antibacterial therapy prompted the researchers to explore new innovative strategies for developing new antimicrobials. Recently, biogenic nanoparticles have proven their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. Biogenic nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are easy to produce, biocompatible, provide enhanced uptake and are eco-friendly. Moreover, the capping of the biogenic nanocrystals provides an active surface for interaction with biological components, facilitated by free active surface functional groups to enhance their efficacy and delivery. Inorganic nanocrystals (AgNPs and ZnONPs) are effective both as nano-bactericides and as nanocarriers against sensitive and MDR) pathogens. The present chapter focuses on the utilization of the recent nanosystems to combat drug resistance in human pathogens. Nanomedicine represents a new generation of potiential antimicrobial candidates capable of combating the drug resistance in various pathogenic organisms.
Highlights
IntroductionNanotechnology is regarded as a new discipline that has a significant influence on human life in several respects with various applications [1]
Silver nanoparticles agent. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are mostly used in wound dressings, care of the eye, oral hygiene, biomaterials of bone substitutes, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs as well as in the coating of catheter products as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents [2]
Green synthesis of nanoparticles refers to the synthesis of nanoparticles through biological routes such as those with the help of microorganisms, enzymes, fungus plants or using various plant products [16, 17] Conventional physical or chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis often produce byproducts that are hazardous to the environment which is one of the key reasons to opt for a more suitable alternative, that is, the green synthesis or green technology [16]
Summary
Nanotechnology is regarded as a new discipline that has a significant influence on human life in several respects with various applications [1]. The majority of the physical and chemical processes of synthesizing nanoparticles have many disadvantages such as low yield, strong reducing agents, energy-intensive mechanisms, uneven particle size and aggregate instability, hazardous waste production, difficulty to scale up and expensive organo-metallic precursors are required [7]. Bacteria mediated AgNPs are simpler to grow and environment friendly Both intracellular (biomass) as well as extracellular (cell extracts) synthesis of silver nanoparticles can be performed. There is a prevalence of multiple tolerance to antibiotics by various clinical infections and pathogens of the urinary tract, caused by excess antibiotics and by an accumulation of antibiotics in the system This kind of resistance is exhibited by Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterococcus sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp. The conversion of nanoparticles into therapeutic agents, involves a detailed knowledge of the physicochemical particularities, results in vitro and in vivo, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, apart from the suitable methods of their synthesis [14]
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