Antimicrobial Drug Administration and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates Originating from the Broiler Production Value Chain in Nigeria.

Nurudeen Olalekan Oloso,Folorunso Oludayo Fasina,Ismail Adewuyi Adeyemo,Henriette Van Heerden,Olubunmi Gabriel Fasanmi

doi:10.3390/antibiotics8020075

Nurudeen Olalekan Oloso, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020075

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Abstract

Salmonella is among the pathogens on the high global priority lists for monitoring for studies on the discovery of new antimicrobials and understanding of how antimicrobial resistance (AMR) develops. AMR in connection with antibiotic usage patterns has been considered as a strong factor and contributor to the AMR pool. The purposes of use, pattern of antimicrobial drug administration, as well as the prevalence of AMR in Salmonella originating from the Nigeria broiler production value chain (NBPVC) was explored. A well-structured questionnaire on antimicrobial usage (n = 181) was used for sampling that focused on 21 antimicrobials from 151 locations. Simultaneously, AMR testing for 18 commonly used antimicrobials on Salmonella in humans was also carried out. Antimicrobial resistance Salmonella spp. were isolated in 23% of the samples (261 of 1135 samples from the broiler input, products, and the environment) using modified ISO 6579 and invA PCR protocols. Over 80% of the antimicrobials used in the NBPVC were administered without a veterinarian prescription. Prevalence of antimicrobial administration without prescription were as follows: live-bird-market (100%), hatchery (86.7%), grow-out-farm (75%), and breeder (66.7%). Widespread prophylactic and metaphylactic use of antimicrobials were recorded with the highest use seen for enrofloxacin (63% and 24%), tetracycline (58% and 33%), and erythromycin (50% and 17%). Antimicrobial resistance was highest for flumequine (100%), penicillin (95%), and perfloxacin (89%). High levels of use without laboratory support of a newer generation of a class of antibiotics suspected to confer high resistance on older generations of the same class (quinolones) was observed.

Highlights

The advent of antimicrobials and their use for the treatment of infections in human and animal health remains a turning point in the field of therapeutics, and this discovery and success has beenAntibiotics 2019, 8, 75; doi:10.3390/antibiotics8020075 www.mdpi.com/journal/antibioticsAntibiotics 2019, 8, 75 followed by its use for other purposes, such as growth promotion [1,2]
Based on the overall patterns of intended use of antibiotics, over 80% (145) of the 181 responses of the total number of Salmonella isolates resistant to an antibiotic against which the pathogens were used antibiotics intentionally without veterinarian prescription or laboratory confirmation including
The findings of this study suggest that salmonellosis is endemic in a good proportion of poultry farms in Nigeria, and in a situation of poorly applied biosecurity and poor implementation of good farming practices, farm-level infections and contamination, or residues may persist right through the broiler value chain from farm to the slaughter-processing schedules [9,22]

Summary

Introduction

Antibiotics 2019, 8, 75 followed by its use for other purposes, such as growth promotion [1,2] These alternative uses are borne out of economic interest, poor farm management practices, and the push for large scale production [1,2,3]. The process of drug development often requires great resources and faces enormous challenges associated with clinical trials, a prerequisite before an acceptance of any drug for usage [4,5]. This issue has greatly contributed to reducing the rate of invention of new antimicrobials over the last decades [5].

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