Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been posing an alarming threat to the treatment of infectious diseases over the years. Ineffectiveness of the currently available synthetic and semisynthetic antibiotics has led the researchers to discover new molecules with potent antimicrobial activities. To overcome the emerging antimicrobial resistance, new antimicrobial compounds from natural sources might be appropriate. Secondary metabolites from natural sources could be prospective candidates in the development of new antimicrobial agents with high efficacy and less side effects. Among the natural secondary metabolites, diterpenoids are of crucial importance because of their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, which has put it in the center of research interest in recent years. The present work is aimed at reviewing recent literature regarding different classes of natural diterpenes and diterpenoids with significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiprotozoal activities along with their reported structure–activity relationships. This review has been carried out with a focus on relevant literature published in the last 5 years following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 229 diterpenoids from various sources like plants, marine species, and fungi are summarized in this systematic review, including their chemical structures, classification, and significant antimicrobial activities together with their reported mechanism of action and structure–activity relationships. The outcomes herein would provide researchers with new insights to find new credible leads and to work on their synthetic and semisynthetic derivatives to develop new antimicrobial agents.
Highlights
Over the past few decades, the world population has witnessed an alarming surge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)—the tip of the iceberg being witnessed during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic
The study was designed as a systematic review of recent literature for investigation into diterpenes and diterpenoids with potent antimicrobial activity isolated from natural sources
The total number of articles that met the eligibility criteria was 95, and they were critically analyzed to give a comprehensive overview of the isolated diterpenoids, their chemical structures, and the reported antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms
Summary
Over the past few decades, the world population has witnessed an alarming surge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)—the tip of the iceberg being witnessed during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Newer and more lethal pathogens seem to be surfacing, while existing bacteria keep developing newer strategies to resist the action of antibiotics, some even evolving to the “superbug” status. Continued emergence of antibiotic resistance has posed a big risk for health, Antimicrobial Diterpenes From Natural Sources which increases the mortality and economic burden worldwide (Ciorba et al, 2015). Innovative targeted therapeutic strategies involving newer technology are being considered to deal with these multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria (Yang et al, 2021). New strategies are being developed for sustainable discovery of antibiotics in order to keep up with the ever-increasing demand of novel antimicrobials and reduce the lack of investment in their development (Miethke et al, 2021). Antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources could be a great tool to deal with these multi-drug-resistant pathogens
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