Abstract
Medicinal plants have been intensively screened for their bioactivity in order to treat various diseases in human. This study was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Sida acuta leaf extracts against selected wound microbes. The plant extracts were obtained sequentially using n-hexane, aqueous and acetone respectively in order of increasing polarity. The extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar-well diffusion method. The sensitivity of the test organisms to the extracts was represented by zones of inhibitions (mm) at different concentrations. There was corresponding increase in the zones of inhibitions (mm) on the test organisms as the concentration of the extracts increased from 64 mg/ml – 512 mg/ml. Among the plant extracts, the aqueous extract of Sida acuta leaf revealed significantly higher zones of inhibitions (mm) from 7.50±2.12 - 25.00±1.40 on all isolates. This was closely followed by the acetone extract while the n-hexane extract produced the lowest zones of inhibitions (mm) on all the test organisms except for Acinetobacter baumannii which has 9.80±0.42 at the concentration of 512 mg/ml. Results obtained on the phytochemical analyses of the aqueous and acetone extracts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Hence, the antimicrobial effects of Sida acuta leaf extracts has been revealed in this study, therefore its controlled use should be encouraged in the treatment of wounds and other infections caused by these microorganisms. Keywords: Antimicrobial properties, Isolates, Phytochemical analyses, Sida acuta
Highlights
The problem of microbial resistance to drugs is growing continuously the use of existing antimicrobial drugs in the future is not certain
This study revealed the effects of aqueous, acetone and n-hexane extracts of Sida acuta leaf on some selected clinical isolates associated with wound infections; Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans as wounds offer bacteria an attractive environment in which they can potentially flourish whereby causing significant damage if left untreated (Table 1)
The aqueous extract of Sida acuta leaf was the most effective against all the test organisms at all concentrations (Table 5), Salmonella typhi had the highest zone of inhibition being 25.00±1.40 mm while the lowest zone of inhibition was observed in Candida albicans being 14.35±0.21 mm at 512 mg/ml
Summary
The problem of microbial resistance to drugs is growing continuously the use of existing antimicrobial drugs in the future is not certain. Sida acuta is a wonderful and exciting weed which belongs to the Malvaceae family It is a taproot and perennial shrub that is native to Mexico and Central America. With the ability to damage infections and the sudden increase in the development of multi-drug resistant microorganisms, medical practitioners have become more challenged to look for solutions to wound infections. The clinical and microbiological challenge is to identify those wounds in which healing is impaired as a result of various infections and heavy bacterial burden in which systemic or topical antimicrobial treatment will be of benefit (Akinnibosun & Pela, 2015). The aim of this research work is to evaluate the antimicrobial and phytochemical efficacy of Sida acuta leaf extracts on selected wound isolates
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