Abstract
Marine organisms provide an abundant source of potential medicines. Many of the marine-derived biomaterials have been shown to act as different mechanisms in immune responses, and in each case they can significantly control the immune system to produce effective reactions. Marine-derived proteins, peptides, and protein hydrolysates exhibit various physiologic functions, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, the immunomodulatory properties of several antimicrobial peptides have been demonstrated. Some of these peptides directly kill bacteria and exhibit a variety of immunomodulatory activities that improve the host innate immune response and effectively eliminate infection. The properties of immunomodulatory proteins and peptides correlate with their amino acid composition, sequence, and length. Proteins and peptides with immunomodulatory properties have been tested in vitro and in vivo, and some of them have undergone different clinical and preclinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of marine immunomodulatory proteins, peptides, and protein hydrolysates as well as their production, mechanisms of action, and applications in human therapy.
Highlights
The immune response plays a crucial role in maintaining human health by identifying and killing pathogens, aging cells, or tumor cells
This review summarizes the developmental status of marine-derived immunomodulatory proteins, peptides, and protein hydrolysates from different organisms
Since there are this review summarizes the immunomodulatory protein hydrolysates isolated from diverse marine few reports of marine-derived protein hydrolysates having both antibacterial and few reports of marine-derived protein hydrolysates having both antibacterial and sources (Table 4)
Summary
The immune response plays a crucial role in maintaining human health by identifying and killing pathogens, aging cells, or tumor cells. Macrophages are mononuclear leukocytes, which function as primary defenders of the host and can recognize and eliminate microbial pathogens and cancer cells via phagocytosis. These cells are involved in immune regulation by producing cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12. Numerous drugs are used clinically to control human immune function, including levamisole, imiquimod, pidotimod, tilorone, cyclophosphamide, prostaglandin, cyclosporine A, thiocarbamate, niridazole, and penicillamine [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. The majority of naturally-derived immunomodulatory proteins or peptides do not show side effects and are less costly, suggesting their potential for use in immunotherapy. This review describes the immunomodulatory role of marine-derived biomaterials
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