Abstract
Background: Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin (HS), is commonly used by traditional healers in Morocco against microbial and fungal infections. We studied antimicrobial, antifungal and antiradical effects of organic extracts in vitro in order to confirm traditional utilization after phytochemical screening.
 Materials and methods: Aerial parts of HS have been extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was realized by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity has been evaluated using DPPH test, while the antimicrobial tests of HS extract were conducted on twenty-eight bacterial strains and antifungal on twelve fungal strains.
 Results: Chemical characterization of HS essential oils (EO) confirmed the presence of carvacrol (82,28%), p-cymene (2,52%), γ-terpinene (2,18%) and Z-caryophyllene (2,04%). Antimicrobial tests of HS extract showed a moderate antibacterial activity without antifungal effect. In addition, HS exhibited a very powerful antiradical activity with IC50 = 1,2 mg/ml compared to that of ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0,5 mg/mL) and butylated hydroxyanisole (0,8 mg/mL).
 Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that HS directly inhibits the growth of microorganisms in vitro, and further validates its traditional use as an antiseptic by traditional Moroccan healers.
Highlights
Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin is presented under several names (Lamchouri et al, 2012): Haloxylons coparium (Pomel) Bge, Haloxylon articulatum subsp. scoparium (Pomel) Batt Arthrophytum scoparium (Pomel) Iljin)
List of abbreviations: HS: Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin, GC/MS: Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy, DPPH: 2, 2- diphenyl-picrylhydrazine, essential oils (EO): Essential oils, IC50: Median Inhibition Concentration, IK: Kovats’s indices, BHA: Butylated hydroxyanisole, PI %: Inhibition percentage, RI: Retention index S.E.M: Standard Error of the Mean, analysis of variance (ANOVA): Analysis of Variance, HSSM: Hydromethanol extract obtained by soxhlet of H. scoparia, HSSA: Hydroacetone extract obtained by soxhlet of H. scoparia, HSMM: Hydromethanol extract obtained by maceration of H. scoparia, HSMA: Hydroacetone extract obtained by maceration of H. scoparia, gallic acid equivalent (GAE): Gallic acid equivalent dry weight (DW): Dry weight, quercetin equivalent (QE): Quercetin equivalent, Diameters of inhibition Zone (DI): Inhibition diameters, A
The present study focuses on valorization of H. scoparia. a highly popular species in Tata region known for its curative properties against diabetes mellitus, cancers, snake bites, and so on
Summary
Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin is presented under several names (Lamchouri et al, 2012): Haloxylons coparium (Pomel) Bge, Haloxylon articulatum subsp. scoparium (Pomel) Batt Arthrophytum scoparium (Pomel) Iljin). Hammada scoparia belongs to the Amaranthaceae family which encloses 1300 species distributed over 120 genera, including the genus Hammada. The species is found in Moroccan arid and semi-arid regions, and other Mediterranean regions, especially south-eastern Tunisia, Spain and parts of Turkey (El-Shazly and Wink, 2003). It is found in the Middle East; namely in Iran, Syria and Iraq (Iranian-Turanian region). Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin (HS), is commonly used by traditional healers in Morocco against microbial and fungal infections. Antifungal and antiradical effects of organic extracts in vitro in order to confirm traditional utilization after phytochemical screening. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that HS directly inhibits the growth of microorganisms in vitro, and further validates its traditional use as an antiseptic by traditional Moroccan healers
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