Abstract
Sponge-associated bacteria have great potential in developing marine pharmaceutical industry since they are capable of synthesizing numerous bioactive metabolite compounds. This study aimed to isolate, characterize and investigate potential antimicrobial, toxicity and antioxidant of bioactive compounds of bacteria associated with sponge Stylotella sp. A total of 138 bacteria were selected. During screening stage, 45 isolates (32%) produced a wide spectrum and species specific bioactive compound against microbial test strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Eschericia coli ATCC 8739, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Candida albicans). Crude extract of five selected potential bacteria were extracted using ethyl acetate solvent. They were identified to have a wide spectrum inhibition capability against microbial test strains. The extracts toxicity were examined using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. All extracts showed toxicity of LC50 in the range of 35.89-484.17 µg mL-1 against Artemia salina. By using Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) radical reduction test revealed all the extracts showed potential antioxidant activites, ranging from 445.33 to 1610.00 µmol trolox/g extract. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that isolates STIL 33, STIL 37, STIL 44, STIL 55 and STIL 9 were closely related with Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra strain NCIMB 2033, Serratia marcescens strain NBRC 102204, Catenococcus thiocycli strain TG 5-3, Vibrio natriegens strain ATCC 14048 and Bacillus subtilis strain JCM 1465, respectively.
Highlights
Sponges are sessile aquatic animal of the phylum Porifera which obtain nutrients through filtering the surrounding water column, allowing them to associate with various microorganisms
It is known that marine sponges and their associated microorganisms are economically important because they produce the most active bioactive compounds that are potentially useful for human in pharmaceutical industry sector, for instance as antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents (Jeganathan et al, 2013)
The research focus was to screen marine bacteria associated with sponge Stylotella sp. collected from Kepulauan Seribu-Indonesia producing bioactive compounds and to determine potential bacterial isolates through the antimicrobial, toxicity and antioxidant activities of the bacterial extracts
Summary
Sponges are sessile aquatic animal of the phylum Porifera which obtain nutrients through filtering the surrounding water column, allowing them to associate with various microorganisms. It is estimated that more than 50% sponge tissue are symbiont microorganisms (Taylor et al, 2007). Sponge symbiont microorganisms are known capable of synthesizing numerous bioactive compounds with unique, complex and different structure compared with terrestrial microorganisms. It is known that marine sponges and their associated microorganisms are economically important because they produce the most active bioactive compounds that are potentially useful for human in pharmaceutical industry sector, for instance as antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents (Jeganathan et al, 2013). Bioactive compounds mostly found in sponge symbiont microorganisms are generally derived from alkaloids, terpenes, terpenoids and peptides (Mehbub et al, 2014)
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