Abstract
Antrodia camphorata (A. camphorata) is a unique, endemic and extremely rare mushroom species native to Taiwan, and both crude extracts of and purified chemical compounds from A. camphorata have been reported to have a variety of significant beneficial effects, such as anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity. However, reports on the effects of A. camphorata against dental pathogens have been limited. Oral health is now recognized as important for overall general health, including conditions such as dental caries, periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) are the most common bacteria associated with dental plaque and periodontopathic diseases, respectively. Thus, our study examined the ability of five various crude extracts of A. camphorata to inhibit the growth of dental bacteria and anti-adherence in vitro. Among the extracts, the ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts exhibited the lowest MICs against P. gingivalis and S. mutans (MIC = 4∼16 µg/mL). The MIC of the aqueous extract was greater than 2048 µg/mL against both P. gingivalis and S. mutans. In vitro adherence of S. mutans was significantly inhibited by the addition of either the ethyl acetate extract or chloroform extract (MIC = 16∼24 µg/mL), while the ethanol extract (MIC = 32∼64 µg/mL) exhibited moderate inhibitory activity. Based on the result of this study, the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of A. camphorata may be good candidates for oral hygiene agents to control dental caries and periodontopathic conditions.
Highlights
Oral health is recognized as important for overall general health
HPLC determination of A. camphorata extracts Dried A. camphorata was used to prepare various extracts with five different polarity solvents such as water, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform, and three bioactive components AC-1, AC-2, AC-3 in those crude extracts have been analyzed by gradient high-performance liquid chromatography
Four crude extracts from organic solvents consisted component AC-1, AC-2 and AC-3 except the aqueous extract which was not detected any of those three standards, whereas the 95% ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts contained similar concentrations of all compounds tested
Summary
Oral health is recognized as important for overall general health. Oral diseases such as dental caries, which is the most common chronic childhood disease, and adult periodontal infections are prevalent conditions. Gingivitis, and periodontal infection are infectious diseases of multiple origins that can worsen and remit over time. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is closely associated with the development of human dental caries and the most common pathogen isolated from human dental plaque [1,2]. S. mutans is transmitted primarily from mother to child by contact with saliva and high levels of S. mutans in the mother are the greatest indicator of caries risk among her children. Acquisition of S. mutans, coupled with high dietary sugar intake, establishes a favorable environment for caries development. Poor oral hygiene behaviors, and dietary patterns that promote high colonization with S. mutans may increase both the contamination of oral cavity and presence of substrates for bacterial growth
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