Abstract
Ganoderma, a genus of polypore white rot fungus with some species such as G. lucidum and G. sinense have been reported with remarkable biological activities and used as traditional medicine for long. On the other hand, G. boninense is recognized as an important oil palm pathogen which causes intensive losses in oil palm industry. Hence, this study reveals the potential of antimicrobial properties of G. boninense fruiting bodies extract using different solvents. Ethyl acetate extract demonstrated a broad spectrum pathogens inhibition activity, followed by hot water > acetone > methanol > ethanol > chloroform. Ethyl acetate extract also shown the strongest growth inhibition against Proteus mirabilis (14.20 ± 0.40 mm). Lowest MIC (0.625 mg/ml) was observed in methanol extract against Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. LC-MS analysis identified the extracts of G. boninense putatively contains natural occurring derivatives of alkaloid, fatty acid, heterocyclic compounds and glycosides. G. boninense may potential as the future drug. However, further investigation is required to understand this fungus in depth.
Highlights
New drug discovery has become a hot research area due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria. Some clinical isolates such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Penicillin Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) which have become resistant to certain commonly used antibiotics are found in the environment[1,2]
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values obtained ranged between 0.625 mg ml-1 to 5.000 mg ml-1 with methanol extract demonstrating the highest antimicrobial activity against Coagulase neg staphylococci while hot water extracts exhibited with the lowest antimicrobial activity
Ethyl acetate is a potential solvent for G. boninense extraction because of the remarkable broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity toward Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens
Summary
New drug discovery has become a hot research area due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria. The report of Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) rises the alarm of the seriousness in worldwide antibiotic resistance’s issue with more than 500,000 isolates showing non-susceptible to one or more of the conventional antibiotics[3]. Discovery and development of new alternative drugs to combat with the multidrug resistant bacteria remain as a challenge. Secondary metabolites are synthesized as biochemical compounds in defense against stressful environments and invasion of predators for self-healing and rejuvenating to assist survival[6]. Extraction of the natural compounds with antimicrobial properties such as saponins, alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, glycopeptide and others were used as prescription drug in numerous developed countries[7,8]
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