Abstract
BackgroundWe found that the edible green seaweed Enteromorpha linza displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. To elucidate the active component of E. linza, isolation procedures were performed.ResultsThe main active compound was isolated by polarity fractionation, Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The active compounds were eluted at isocratic 95% acetonitrile by RP-HPLC and identified as unsaturated fatty acids, stearidonic acid (SA, C18:4 n-3) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 n-6) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The yields of SA and GLA from dried seaweed tissue were 6.33 × 10-3% and 6.47 × 10-3%, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration values of SA and GLA were 39.06 μg/mL against P. intermedia and 9.76 μg/mL against P. gingivalis, respectively. SA and GLA were also active against several other oral pathogens, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincenti, and Streptococcus mutans, at micromolar concentrations.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the E. linza extracts SA and GLA are useful antimicrobial agents for the prevention and/or treatment of periodontitis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1999-3110-54-39) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
We found that the edible green seaweed Enteromorpha linza displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis
We found that the edible green seaweed Enteromorpha linza displays potent antimicrobial activity against P. intermedia and P. gingivalis without side effects at a moderate dose (Choi et al 2012)
The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts and fractionates were measured against the anaerobic bacteria of P. intermedia and P. gingivalis (Table 1)
Summary
We found that the edible green seaweed Enteromorpha linza displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. A mouth rinse containing E. linza extract has shown clinical effects against gingivitis, as measured by the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and activity against two bacterial strains (P. intermedia and P. gingivalis) (Cho et al 2011). This mouth rinse produced effects similar to those of Listerine®. To discover therapeutic agents against periodontitis from the seaweed with few or no side effects and potent antimicrobial activity, we isolated and identified active antimicrobial compounds from E. linza extract and present data regarding its antimicrobial activity against several oral pathogens
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