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Abstract
Parkia speciosa Hassk, locally known as petai papan, is a common medicinal plant found in Southeast Asia. Its empty pods were reported to contain high concentrations of polyphenols, particularly quercetin. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of P. speciosa empty pod extract in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The empty pods were extracted by sequential fractionation with absolute ethanol and ethyl acetate. HUVECs were divided into four groups. HUVECs were exposed to tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a, 10 ng/mL) in the presence (25 µg/mL) or absence of Parkia speciosa extract. Quercetin (125 µM) served as the positive control, while another group that was not exposed to TNF-a acted as the negative control. The protein expressions of the inflammatory mediators, which were NF-eB p65, iNOS, COX-2 and VCAM-1, were significantly decreased in the P. speciosa and quercetin groups exposed to TNF-a. P. speciosa extract and quercetin also significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide levels as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity caused by TNF-a in HUVECs. In conclusion, P. speciosa empty pod extract exhibited potential anti-inflammatory properties against TNF-a-induced inflammation, possibly
Highlights
The pathogenesis of many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetic vasculopathy, involves inflammation (He et al, 2015)
This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of P. speciosa empty pod extract in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)
P. speciosa extract and quercetin significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide levels as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase activity caused by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in HUVECs
Summary
The pathogenesis of many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetic vasculopathy, involves inflammation (He et al, 2015). Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling is believed to be featured in the inflammatory cascade (Hsu et al, 2013), resulting in an increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (Conde et al, 2017), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression as well as proinflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Hsu et al, 2013). Elevated expression of iNOS will increase nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen. It has been utilized in folk medicine to control hypertension (Lim, 2012). It was shown that there is prevention of hypertension in rats administered with N(G)-nitro-Larginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (Kamisah et al 2017). The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of P. speciosa empty pods on TNF-α-induced inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)
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