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Abstract
BackgroundEarlier, the lichens are used in traditional medicines by different cultures across the world. As the Dirinaria genus has been shown to be biologically active against inflammation in folklore, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory profile of Dirinaria consimilis.Material and methodsInitially, the hydroalcoholic extract of lichen, D. consimilis (Dc-HE) was prepared and re-extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The resultant extracts were evaluated for their in vitro (protein denaturation method), acute toxicity and in vivo (formalin-induced rat paw oedema assay) anti-inflammatory studies.ResultsAmong all the tested extracts, the acetone and chloroform extract of D. consimilis depicted prominent anti-inflammatory activity in both the bioassays. The acetone extract inhibited protein denaturation with IC50 value of about 468 µg/mL while the standard (Indomethacin) with 120 µg/mL. Moreover, the Dc-HE was screened for acute toxicity studies in male albino rats up to 2000 mg/Kg b.w dosage. The in vivo anti-inflammatory analysis of acetone extract (200 mg/mL) showed potent reduction of rat paw oedema nearer to that of the standard, whereas chloroform extract depicted moderate depletion and the other extracts revealed mild inhibitory profile against inflammation.ConclusionThis study reveals that the lichen, D. consimilis might be a good source of anti-inflammatory agents.
Highlights
[1] Inflammation process though a self-limiting process, it can become chronic and can further lead to several other serious inflammatory diseases. [2, 3] The chronic inflammations may lead to various diseases such as cancer [4], atherosclerosis [5], Alzheimer’s [6] and rheumatoid arthritis
Awasthi is a foliose lichen belongs to the Dirinaria genus which possesses anticaries, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and larvicidal activities. [12,13,14,15] there are no pharmacological study reports revealing antiinflammatory potentiality of D. consimilis and keeping in mind of the aforementioned the biological profile of Dirinaria genus and the drawbacks of anti-inflammatory therapeutics, we anticipated Dirinaria consimilis might be active good source for anti-inflammatory activity
The Dc-HA were re-extracted with solvents of increasing polarity, concentrated to obtain dry extracts of acetone for three times, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated to obtain dry of D. consimilis i.e., n-hexane (DH, 500 mg), chloroform (DC, 540 mg), ethyl acetate (DE, 602 mg), acetone (DA, 444 mg) and methanol (DM, 780 mg), which were preserved at 4°C earlier to use
Summary
Inflammation is a usual stimuli to injury and includes the response of the immune system in neutralizing the invading microorganisms, repair of the damaged tissues thereby promoting wound healing. [1] Inflammation process though a self-limiting process, it can become chronic and can further lead to several other serious inflammatory diseases. [2, 3] The chronic inflammations may lead to various diseases such as cancer [4], atherosclerosis [5], Alzheimer’s [6] and rheumatoid arthritis. [7] Historically, Willow bark extracts were used to treat the fever, inflammation and pain, thereafter the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which include organic acids and non-acidic compounds and coxibs (celecoxib, rofecoxib, etc) were drugs of choice to treat inflammation. [7, 8] In contrast, these synthetic drugs were noticed to have adverse effects on cardiac, gastrointestinal, renal, and vascular functions. [8] keeping in mind of the aforementioned drawbacks, the evolution of novel anti-inflammatory agents having lesser adverse effects are highly desirable. [8] keeping in mind of the aforementioned drawbacks, the evolution of novel anti-inflammatory agents having lesser adverse effects are highly desirable. In this context, the screening of anti-inflammatory activity of natural product extracts (or) natural product like is an upcoming topic of research owing to lesser side effects. [9, 10] With this in mind, our attention was drawn towards “Lichens - mutualistic existence of algae and fungi” Lichen and their secondary metabolites exert a diverse range of pharmacological actions including analgesic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antimycotic, antipyretic, antiviral and cytotoxic effects. As the Dirinaria genus has been shown to be biologically active against inflammation in folklore, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory profile of Dirinaria consimilis
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