Anti-inflammatory effects of Ganoderma lucidum water extracts fermented using lactic acid bacteria based on HO-1 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract

The anti-inflammatory effects of fermented Ganoderma lucidum water extracts (FGW) were investigated. G. lucidum water extracts (GW) were fermented using the lactic acid bacterium Bifidobacterium bifidum, followed by Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei LI033. The effects of GW and FGW on cell proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. After cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide, secondary fermented extracts (FGWBL) inhibited NO production more than GW and primary fermented extracts (FGWB) in a dose-dependent manner. FGW inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS) and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition to immunological activities, FGW induced expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Treatment with ZnPP, a HO-1 inhibitor, counteracted the inhibitory effects of FGW on NO production, indicating that inhibition of NO production by FGW treatment was mediated via HO-1 expression. FGW suppressed pro-inflammatory markers via HO-1 regulation.