Abstract
BackgroundThe roots of Sophora flavescens (Leguminosae) have been used in East Asian countries as an herbal medicine and a food ingredient for thousands of years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of S. flavescens fermentation on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats.MethodsEIU was induced in rats via a footpad injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immediately after the LPS inoculation, fermented and non-fermented extracts of S. flavescens (FSE and NFSE, respectively) were administered orally, and the aqueous humor was collected from both eyes 24 hours later. The anti-inflammatory effects of FSE and NFSE were examined in terms of regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation and the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The regulation of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) levels and polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) infiltration by FSE and NFSE were also examined.ResultsTreatment with FSE significantly inhibited LPS-induced increases in IL-1β and TNF-α production and the expression of iNOS, ICAM-1 and COX-2. Moreover, FSE suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation, and reduced both MDA levels and infiltration by PMN.ConclusionThese results indicate that solid state fermentation may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of S. flavescens.
Highlights
The roots of Sophora flavescens (Leguminosae) have been used in East Asian countries as an herbal medicine and a food ingredient for thousands of years
These results indicate that solid state fermentation may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of S. flavescens
This results in high concentrations of biologically active compounds, which may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of S. flavescens
Summary
The roots of Sophora flavescens (Leguminosae) have been used in East Asian countries as an herbal medicine and a food ingredient for thousands of years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of S. flavescens fermentation on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. Of the huge array of candidates available, we chose to investigate Sophora flavescens (Leguminosae) because of its potential health promoting properties; it is anti-inflammatory, an anti-asthmatic, an anthelmintic, and a free radical scavenger, and it has. The roots of S. flavescens (Leguminosae) have been traditionally used in East Asian countries as an herbal medicine and food ingredient for thousands of years. The aim of the present study was to develop a solid state fermentation (SSF) protocol for S. flavescens and to investigate whether this method led to an increase in its anti-inflammatory effects
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