Abstract
Aurantio-obtusin, an anthraquinone compound, isolated from dried seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. (syn. Senna obtusifolia; Fabaceae) and Cassia tora L. (syn. Senna tora). Although the biological activities of Semen Cassiae have been reported, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of aurantio-obtusin, its main compound, on RAW264.7 cells, remained unknown. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of aurantio-obtusin on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells in vitro and elucidated the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Nitric oxide production (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by the Griess colorimetric method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) were monitored by cell-based ELISA. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) synthesis were analyzed using ELISA. The mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-2, and the critical pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Aurantio-obtusin significantly decreased the production of NO, PGE2, and inhibited the protein expression of COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6, which were similar to those gene expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.01). Consistent with the pro-inflammatory gene expression, the Aurantio-obtusin efficiently reduced the LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggested that aurantio-obtusin may function as a therapeutic agent and can be considered in the further development of treatments for a variety of inflammatory diseases. Further studies may provide scientific evidence for the use of aurantio-obstusin as a new therapeutic agent for inflammation-related diseases.
Highlights
Inflammation is essential in the complex network of immunological and physiological defense processes which occur following noxious stimulation
The results suggested that the effect of aurantio-obtusin on mRNA expression of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), TNF-α, iNOS, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) thatall thetested effectconcentrations; of aurantio-obtusin on mRNA
To further confirm the anti-inflammatory properties of aurantio-obtusin, we evaluated its effect on the phosphorylation of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), and the protein expression of NF-κB p65, using a western blot assay
Summary
Inflammation is essential in the complex network of immunological and physiological defense processes which occur following noxious stimulation. Unwanted and prolonged inflammatory responses are harmful to the body and function as a potential risk and pivotal drivers, in a number of major diseases. Cancer [5], diabetes [6], rheumatoid arthritis [7], chronic inflammatory bowel. Molecules 2018, 23, 3093 responses are harmful to the body and function as a potential risk and pivotal drivers, in a number of major diseases. Cancer [5], diabetes [6], rheumatoid arthritis [7], chronic inflammatory bowel disease cardiovascular disease disease [9], sclerosis [10],[10], and psoriasis [11] are[11].
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have