Abstract
Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) is an active flavonoid compound originally isolated from Scutellaria radix, which has been used to treat lung inflammation in Korea, China, and Japan. Wogonin has been known to inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase and have the anti-tumor properties. However, the effects of wogonin on virus-induced macrophages are not fully reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of wogonin on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced macrophages was examined. Wogonin restored the cell viability in dsRNA [polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid]-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages at concentrations of up to 50 μM. Wogonin significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, G-CSF, GM-CSF, LIF (IL-6 class cytokine), LIX/CXCL5, MCP-1, M-CSF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, RANTES/CCL5, TNF-α, and VEGF as well as calcium release and mRNA expression of signal transducer and activated transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT3 in dsRNA-induced RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.05). In conclusion, wogonin has anti-inflammatory properties related with its inhibition of nitric oxide, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in dsRNA-induced macrophages via the calcium-STAT pathway.
Highlights
Inflammation is part of the non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction to harmful stimuli such as pathologic microbes, damaged cells, irritants, or any type of bodily injury, with a primary aim of neutralizing infectious agents and initiating repair to damaged tissue [1]
Wogonin has anti-inflammatory properties related with its inhibition of nitric oxide, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced macrophages via the calcium-STAT pathway
Macrophages play an important role in inflammatory disease through the release of factors such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and prostaglandin mediators involved in the immune response [4]
Summary
Inflammation is part of the non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction to harmful stimuli such as pathologic microbes, damaged cells, irritants, or any type of bodily injury, with a primary aim of neutralizing infectious agents and initiating repair to damaged tissue [1]. Among the many immuno-inflammatory leukocytes, macrophages and monocytes are of great importance [2]. Phagocytes, including monocytes and macrophages, play a crucial role in host defense by mediation of crucial physiological and protective functions such as innate immunity and inflammatory reactions, elimination of invading pathogens, and scavenging dead cells [3]. Macrophages play an important role in inflammatory disease through the release of factors such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and prostaglandin mediators involved in the immune response [4]
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