Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effectiveness of some hemp ( Canabis sativa ) leaf extracts as an antiinflammatory agent on synovitis in vitro . Methods: Synovial fibroblast cell line SW982 was induced with 5 ng/mL of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) to trigger cellular inflammation. The cells were then treated with prepared extracts of hemp ( Canabis sativa ) leaf originating from three different cultivation sites with varying proportions of terpenoids and cannabinoids, especially cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production as well as expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and IL-1β genes were determined. Results: All hemp extracts reduced the production of NO and PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner. The expressions of iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1β genes were significantly decreased by the hemp extracts. This effect was likely related to the amount of sesquiterpenoids and THC. The extract from Huai Hoi (HH) cultivar showed the most promising results for further studies. Conclusion: The extracts of hemp leaf substantially reduces the level of biomarkers for inflammation in vitro . Therefore, the extracts have a potential application as an inflammatory counteractant in synovitis. Keywords: Canabis sativa , Hemp, Synovitis, Cannabinoids, Nitric oxide, Interleukin-1 beta
Highlights
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a well-known inflammationrelated disease
After NIST library matching, the compounds present in the extracts were divided into three subgroups, monoterpenoids at retention time less than 18 min, sesquiterpenoids at retention time between 20 and 38 min, and cannabinoids which appeared after 45 min
Pang Ung (PU) produced the highest amount of total cannabinoids and slightly higher amount of sesquiterpenoids compared to others
Summary
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a well-known inflammationrelated disease. It is a chronic disease associated with joint degeneration and reparative bone response on chondrocytes, subchondral bones, and synoviocytes [1]. The inflammation of synoviocytes, or synovitis, is known to be related to OA and can be used as a diagnostic marker [2]. Synoviocytes manage to protect and maintain the integrity of articular cartilage surfaces, which are altered in OA [3]. Synoviocytes in OA becomes a source of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO). There is strong evidence indicating that IL-1β alone, and probably together with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), triggers joint destructive mechanism as both cytokines are dominantly expressed in OA synoviocytes, synovial fluid and cartilage [4]
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