Abstract
Research so far has only shown that edible red macroalgae, Sarcodia ceylanica has the ability to eliminate free radicals and anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial properties. This study was conducted both in vitro and in vivo on the ethyl acetate extract (PD1) of farmed red macroalgae in order to explore its anti-inflammatory properties. In order to study the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of PD1, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. For evaluating the potential in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of PD1, we used carrageenan-induced rat paw edema to produce inflammatory pain. The in vitro results indicated that PD1 inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages. Oral PD1 can reduce carrageenan-induced paw edema and inflammatory nociception. PD1 can significantly inhibit carrageenan-induced leukocyte infiltration, as well as the protein expression of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, interleukin-1β, and myeloperoxidase) in inflammatory tissue. The above results indicated that PD1 has great potential to be turned into a functional food or used in the development of new anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive agents. The results from this study are expected to help scientists in the continued development of Sarcodia ceylanica for other biomedical applications.
Highlights
The development of marine natural products has seen substantial growth and as many as the biological activities of 4196 compounds have been confirmed
The damaged tissues will release cytokines, which will promote leukocytes to participate in the phagocytic reaction and promotes the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), leading to the production of a large number of pro-inflammatory mediators, and eventually, inflammatory pain [27]
We discovered in our previous research that carrageenan can induce a high level of leukocyte infiltration in rat paw tissues [29]
Summary
The development of marine natural products has seen substantial growth and as many as the biological activities of 4196 compounds have been confirmed. The research results showed that the water extract from Sarcodia ceylanica can eliminate free radicals, possesses anti-diabetic properties, and reduces triglyceride levels in rats [3]. Based on the previous studies, not much is known about the active ingredients of Sarcodia ceylanica compared to other red algae. Present study employed in vitro and in vivo tests to explore the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the ethyl acetate extract PD1 in Sarcodia ceylanica. In order to study the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate extract PD1 from Sarcodia ceylanica, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used in vitro tests to induce inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. For the in vivo tests, we used carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, which produced inflammatory pain, and evaluated the protein levels of iNOS, IL-1β and MPO to study the potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of PD1
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