Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Diabetic Effect of Black Soybean Anthocyanins: Data from a Dual Cooperative Cellular System

Jin-Nam Kim,Hye-Kyeong Kim,Sung Nim Han

doi:10.3390/molecules26113363

Jin-Nam Kim, Hye-Kyeong Kim + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113363

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Abstract

Obesity is characterized by elevated infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue, leading to the development of insulin resistance. The black soybean seed coat is a rich source of anthocyanins with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the effects of black soybean anthocyanin extract (BSAn) on obesity-induced oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, and insulin resistance in a coculture system of hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264 macrophages. Coculture of adipocytes with macrophages increased the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators and cytokines (NO, MCP-1, PGE2, TNFα, and IL-6) and the release of free fatty acids but reduced anti-inflammatory adiponectin secretion. BSAn treatment (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) alleviated the coculture-induced changes (p < 0.001) and inhibited coculture-induced activation of JNK and ERK signaling (p < 0.01). BSAn also blocked the migration of RAW264.7 macrophages toward 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, treatment with BSAn increased PPARγ expression and glucose uptake in response to insulin in hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocyte and RAW264.7 macrophage coculture (p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that BSAn attenuates inflammatory responses and improves adipocyte metabolic function in the coculture of hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages, suggesting the effectiveness of BSAn for obesity-induced insulin resistance.

Highlights

BSAnhas hasmultiple multipleeffects effectson on inflammatory responses, macrophage infiltration, lipolysis, and insulin-stimulated gluinflammatory responses, macrophage infiltration, lipolysis, and insulin-stimulated glucose cose uptake regards to insulin sensitivity
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the antioxidant defense system
This study shows that ROS production was higher in hypertrophied adipocytes than mature adipocytes and was further increased by the coculture with macrophages

Summary

Introduction

Obesity is a major public health problem because of its close association with insulin resistance, leading to several metabolic diseases [1]. An impaired response of the peripheral tissues to insulin, results in hyperglycemia, which is related to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its complications, such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, and kidney failure [2]. Obesity is considered a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, suggesting that inflammation is a potential mechanism by which obesity leads to insulin resistance [3,4]. Several factors, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, have been shown to contribute to the initiation of obesity-associated inflammation [5]

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