Abstract
BackgroundCaffeic acid (CA) and ellagic acid (EA) are phenolic acids naturally occurring in many plant foods. Cardiac protective effects of these compounds against dyslipidemia, hypercoagulability, oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic mice were examined.MethodsDiabetic mice were divided into three groups (15 mice per group): diabetic mice with normal diet, 2% CA treatment, or 2% EA treatment. One group of non-diabetic mice with normal diet was used for comparison. After 12 weeks supplement, mice were sacrificed, and the variation of biomarkers for hypercoagulability, oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiac tissue of diabetic mice were measured.ResultsThe intake of CA or EA significantly increased cardiac content of these compounds, alleviated body weight loss, elevated plasma insulin and decreased plasma glucose levels in diabetic mice (p < 0.05). These treatments also significantly enhanced plasma antithrombin-III and protein C activities (p < 0.05); and decreased triglyceride content in cardiac tissue and plasma (p < 0.05), in which the hypolipidemic effects of EA were significantly greater than that of CA (p < 0.05). CA or EA significantly lowered cardiac levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, interleukin (IL)-beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (p < 0.05); and retained cardiac activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (p < 0.05). These compounds also significantly up-regulated cardiac mRNA expression of GPX1, SOD and catalase; and down-regulated IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 mRNA expression in diabetic mice (p < 0.05).ConclusionThese results support that CA and EA could provide triglyceride-lowering, anti-coagulatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory protection in cardiac tissue of diabetic mice. Thus, the supplement of these agents might be helpful for the prevention or attenuation of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Highlights
Caffeic acid (CA) and ellagic acid (EA) are phenolic acids naturally occurring in many plant foods
The results of our present study indicated that caffeic acid or ellagic acid treatment markedly elevated AT-III and protein C activities, which might enhance anticoagulatory activity and alleviate diabetes associated hypercoagulability
We found that the supplement of caffeic acid and ellagic acid markedly lowered cardiac monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 protein production in diabetic mice
Summary
Caffeic acid (CA) and ellagic acid (EA) are phenolic acids naturally occurring in many plant foods. Cardiac protective effects of these compounds against dyslipidemia, hypercoagulability, oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic mice were examined. Coagulation predomination, oxidative stress and inflammatory injury are important factors responsible for the development of diabetic cardi-. Diabetes associated oxidative stress resulted from hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) could cause necrosis and/or apoptosis in cardiomyocytes [4,5]. Disturbed balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines and overproduced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) enhance systemic inflammatory stress and exacerbate diabetes associated cardiac dysfunctions [6,7]. Any agent(s) with lipid-lowering, anti-coagulatory, anti-oxidative and/or anti-inflammatory activities may potentially prevent or delay the occurrence of diabetic cardiomyopathy
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