Abstract
Syzygium polyanthum (S. polyanthum), a plant belonging to Myrtaceae, is widely used in Indonesian and Malaysian cuisines. Diabetic patients in Indonesia also commonly use it as a traditional medicine. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of the methanol extract (ME) of S. polyanthum leaf and its possible mechanisms of action. To test for hypoglycemic activity, ME was administered orally to normal male Sprague Dawley rats after a 12-h fast. To further test for antihyperglycemic activity, the same treatment was administered to glucose-loaded (intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, IPGTT) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, respectively. Hypoglycemic test in normal rats did not show significant reduction in blood glucose levels (BGLs) by the extract. Furthermore, IPGTT conducted on glucose-loaded normal rats also did not show significant reduction of BGLs. However, repeated administration of metformin and three doses of ME (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) for six days caused significant reduction of fasting BGLs in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The possible mechanisms of action of S. polyanthum antihyperglycemic activity were assessed by measurement of intestinal glucose absorption and glucose uptake by isolated rat abdominal muscle. It was found that the extract not only inhibited glucose absorption from the intestine but also significantly increased glucose uptake in muscle tissue. A preliminary phytochemical qualitative analysis of ME indicated the presence of tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. Additionally, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis detected squalene. In conclusion, S. polyanthum methanol leaf extract exerts its antihyperglycemic effect possibly by inhibiting glucose absorption from the intestine and promoting glucose uptake by the muscles.
Highlights
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the number one killer among all chronic diseases in the world [2] and Asians make up more than 60% of the world’s diabetic population [3]
Squalene was found in methanolic extract (ME) and was purchased as a reference compound acosahexaene((CH3)2C(=CHCH2CH2C(CH3))2=CHCH2-)2; molecular weight 410.72, >98% liq m SIGMA. It was diluted in methanol at a 1 mg/mL concentration.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was condu er the following conditions: column used was HP-5MS; initial oven temperature was 70 °C (2 m was raised to 280 °C at the rate of 20 °C per min; final time: 20 min; total run time: 32.50 min; fl (Squalene (synonym:2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene((CH3 )2 C(=CHCH2
GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaf showed that it consisted of many of the that methanolic extract of S.topolyanthum leaf showed it consisted manybased on constituents may contribute its medicinal activity.thatThe analysisofwas constituents that may contribute to its medicinal activity
Summary
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the number one killer among all chronic diseases in the world [2] and Asians make up more than 60% of the world’s diabetic population [3]. The main symptom of DM is hyperglycemia, which leads to many complications classifiedinto “microvascular” and “macrovascular” Microvascular complications, such as diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy, result from damages to the small blood vessels, whereas the macrovascular complications are caused by damages to arteries, leading to coronary artery and periphery artery diseases, and stroke. Available conventional antihyperglycemic agents may be divided into a few classes that act to slow glucose absorption from the gut, increasing insulin secretion by β-cells, or increase insulin sensitivity at target tissues. These oral antidiabetic agents have been reported to precipitate many side effects such as hypoglycemia, weight gain, hepatic dysfunction, metallic taste, abdominal discomfort, etc.
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