Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are responsible for great economic losses in sheep raising, and their control has long been carried out almost exclusively by the administration of anthelmintics, which have led to serious resistance problems. In the search for alternative control measures, phytotherapic research is highlighted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of Anethum graveolens (dill) essential oil on different stages of Haemonchus contortus life cycle, as well its cytotoxicity MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells. H. contortus larvae and eggs were obtained from infected sheep feces, and essential oil extracted from plant seeds through the Clevenger apparatus. 9.4, 4.7, 2.35, 1.17. 0.58 and 0.29 mg/mL concentrations were evaluated. The Egg Hatch Inhibition (HI), Larval Development Inhibition (LDI) and Larval Migration Inhibition (LMI) techniques were used. Thybendazole 0.025 mg/mL in HI and Levamisole 0.02 mg/mL in the LDI and LMI tests were used as positive controls, while distilled water and a Tween 80 solution were used as positive negative controls. The inhibition results obtained for the highest oil concentration were: HI 100%, LDI 98.58% and LMI 63.7%, differing (𝑝 <0.05) from negative controls. Main A. graveolens oil components present in 95.93% of the total oil were Dihydrocarvone (39.1%), Carvone (22.24%), D-Limonene (16.84%), Apiol (10.49%) and Trans-dihydrocarvone (7.26%). Minimum A. graveolens essential oil concentrations required to inhibit 50% (IC50) of egg hatching, larval development and larval migration were 0.006 mg/mL, 2.536 mg/mL and 3.963 mg/mL, respectively. Cell viability in MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells, when incubated with A. graveolens essential oil, was 86% for the highest (9.4 mg/mL) and 99% for the lowest concentration (0.29 mg/mL). A. graveolens essential oil, according to the results obtained in this study, is a promising alternative in sheep gastrointestinal nematode control.
Highlights
Sheep gastrointestinal nematodes are thought to be a major health problem faced by these animals around the world, and infections caused by these parasites are responsible for great losses in sheep raising (Acharya et al, 2014).The control of these parasites has been carried out for decades, and has been mostly done by the administration of commercial anthelmintics; major ruminant nematodes are resistant to many of the available active principles, which is an obstacle to sheep farming (Cezar et al, 2010)
Gastrointestinal nematodes are responsible for great economic losses in sheep raising, and their control has long been carried out almost exclusively by the administration of anthelmintics, which have led to serious resistance problems
The present study aimed to evaluate the action of A. graveolens essential oil against against Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae
Summary
Sheep gastrointestinal nematodes are thought to be a major health problem faced by these animals around the world, and infections caused by these parasites are responsible for great losses in sheep raising (Acharya et al, 2014) The control of these parasites has been carried out for decades, and has been mostly done by the administration of commercial anthelmintics; major ruminant nematodes are resistant to many of the available active principles, which is an obstacle to sheep farming (Cezar et al, 2010). Anethum graveolens (dill), of the Apiaceae family, is an aromatic plant originally from Mediterranean countries which has been widely used as seasoning in the preparation of different foods (Słupski et al, 2005) It has been used in traditional herbal medicine as a diuretic and gastrointestinal disorder treatment (Hosseinzadeh et al, 2002). Studies have shown that A. graveolens acts against bacteria (Kaur and Arora, 2009), fungi (Kumarasingha et al, 2016; Vieira et al, 2019), protozoa (Sahib et al, 2014) and insects (Khani and Basavand, 2013), for the latter group their pollen grains may be used to feed certain orders (D’Ávila et al, 2016)
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