Abstract
Dark energy has been introduced in order to explain the observed acceleration of the expansion of our Universe. It seems to be distributed almost uniformly and it has an essential influence on the present value of the Hubble constant which characterizes the rate of this expansion. The Newtonian theory of gravitation is formulated so that the laws of conservation of energy and momentum hold. However, the Universe is designed so that the total amount of energy is slowly, but continually increasing, since its expansion is accelerating. Our examples show that even the Solar System and also our Galaxy imperceptibly expand thanks to dark energy whose origins are tiny antigravity forces. We claim that these forces appear due to the finite speed of gravitational interaction, which causes gravitational aberration effects. We show that effects of dark energy are observable; they are not only globally, but also in local systems. These effects can be measured and are comparable with the present value of the Hubble constant.
Highlights
There is a tendency among physicists to state that dark energy can only manifest itself on cosmological scales by definition
If the backward integration does not give the initial situation, the numerical simulation is incorrect due to the Lyapunov instability; 2) The validity of the Newtonian theory of gravity is supposed over an extremely long time interval of 4.5 Gyr and the influence of dark energy and the finite speed of gravitational interaction are not taken into account; 3) In the Nice model it is not clear what would happen with very rich families of satellites of giant planets during their close encounter, even though the authors of this model assert that satellite systems survived during their numerical simulation of the exchange
From (3) we find that the present value of the Hubble constant recalibrated to D is H0 2 km s 1 D 1
Summary
There is a tendency among physicists to state that dark energy can only manifest itself on cosmological scales by definition. The Newtonian theory of gravitation is formulated in such a way that the law of conservation of energy is valid absolutely and exactly. Is this law valid in the real world that is only modeled by Newton’s theory or Einstein’s theory of general relativity? We will present more than 10 real-world examples that illustrate why the law of conservation of energy is not valid absolutely and exactly. The repulsive force, which is responsible for the expansion of the Solar System and other gravitationally bounded systems, is called antigravity It is not a new fifth physical force, but only a secondary effect of the gravitational force caused by the finite speed of gravitational interaction producing gravitational aberration effects.
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