Antigiardiasic activity of Cu(II) coordination compounds: Redox imbalance and membrane damage after a short exposure time

Abstract

Giardiasis is a widespread illness that affects inhabitants of underdeveloped countries, being children and seniors the highest risk population. The several adverse effects produced by current therapies besides its increasing ineffectiveness due to the appearance of resistant strains evidence the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. We present the antigiardiasic effect of eight Cu(II) coordination compounds, which belong to the family Casiopeínas. Two of them, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline(acetylacetonato)copper(II) nitrate (CasIII-Ha,36 μM) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline(glycinato)copper(II) nitrate (CasI-gly,36 μM) have shown the best antiproliferative effect in Giardia intestinalis trophozoite cultures, both with the higher lipophilic character of the series. The antiproliferative effect of these coordination compounds is attributable to its capacity to interact with the cellular membrane and to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration within the parasite since the first hours of exposure, (2–6 h). We found that these compounds mainly induced the cell death of trophozoites by apoptosis, contrary to metronidazole, which induces apoptosis and necrosis in the same ratio. The cytotoxic effects on lymphocytes and macrophages isolated from human peripheral blood allowed us to establish a selectivity index and in turn, identify and propose the best candidates to continue with the assays in animal models. The selected molecules do not include the most active compounds against trophozoites, instead of that, we propose the compounds 4′,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine(acetylacetonato)copper(II) nitrate (CasIII-ia,IC50 = 156 μM) and 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline(acetylacetonato) copper(II) nitrate (CasIII-Ea,IC50 = 125 μM), which possess an antiproliferative efficacy comparable with Metronidazole but also are those that produce the lowest effect on the viability of human lymphocytes and macrophages.