Abstract
The influenza A (H1N1) virus causes seasonal epidemics that result in severe illnesses and deaths almost every year. A deep understanding of the antigenic patterns and evolution of human influenza A (H1N1) virus is extremely important for its effective surveillance and prevention. Through development of antigenicity inference method for human influenza A (H1N1), named PREDAC-H1, we systematically mapped the antigenic patterns and evolution of the human influenza A (H1N1) virus. Eight dominant antigenic clusters have been inferred for seasonal H1N1 viruses since 1977, which demonstrated sequential replacements over time with a similar pattern in Asia, Europe and North America. Among them, six clusters emerged first in Asia. As for China, three of the eight antigenic clusters were detected in South China earlier than in North China, indicating the leading role of South China in H1N1 transmission. The comprehensive view of the antigenic evolution of human influenza A (H1N1) virus can help formulate better strategy for its prevention and control.
Highlights
Seasonal influenza is a long-term threat to human health that causes significant morbidity and mortality every year
We first develop the sequence-based antigenic inference method named PREDAC-H1 based on the PREDAC that we previously developed for modeling the antigenic clusters of human H3N2 viruses
In order to model the antigenic patterns of the human influenza A (H1N1) virus, we developed the PREDAC-H1 method
Summary
Seasonal influenza is a long-term threat to human health that causes significant morbidity and mortality every year. The long-term epidemic of human influenza A (H1N1) virus is benefited from its fast genetic mutation. Masoodi et al.[7], Bragstad et al.[8] and McDonald et al.[9] explored the antigenic and genetic evolution of 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus and some periodical seasonal H1N1 viruses. We systematically investigate the antigenic patterns and evolution of the human influenza A (H1N1) virus from 1918 through 2014. We first develop the sequence-based antigenic inference method named PREDAC-H1 based on the PREDAC that we previously developed for modeling the antigenic clusters of human H3N2 viruses. By tracking and comparing the antigenic clusters across different regions, we provide a comprehensive view of the antigenic evolution of the human influenza A (H1N1) virus
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