Abstract
The global recognition for the potential of nanoproducts and processes in human biomedicine has given impetus for the development of novel strategies for rapid, reliable, and proficient diagnosis, prevention, and control of animal diseases. Nanomaterials exhibit significant antifungal and antimycotoxin activities against mycosis and mycotoxicosis disorders in animals, as evidenced through reports published over the recent decade and more. These nanoantifungals can be potentially utilized for the development of a variety of products of pharmaceutical and biomedical significance including the nano-scale vaccines, adjuvants, anticancer and gene therapy systems, farm disinfectants, animal husbandry, and nutritional products. This review will provide details on the therapeutic and preventative aspects of nanoantifungals against diverse fungal and mycotoxin-related diseases in animals. The predominant mechanisms of action of these nanoantifungals and their potential as antifungal and cytotoxicity-causing agents will also be illustrated. Also, the other theragnostic applications of nanoantifungals in veterinary medicine will be identified.
Highlights
Fungal diseases are manifested as active infections and/or secretion of mycotoxins on growth of fungi in different tissues of animals
Hassan et al [5,16,74] have reported the efficient conjugation of ZnNPs and AgNPs with cinnamon and olive oils for use at low safe doses for inhibition of growth of toxigenic A. flavus and E. coli and production of respective toxins, whereas, Wang et al [75] successfully detected that the hybrid of Au NPs with antibodies help in immune-chromatographic exploration and diagnosis of toxic AFM1 in milk
Several nanomaterials are used as nanoantifungals, besides having other benefits such as disease detection, diagnosis and therapy, use of additives to animal feed and their products, and food safety
Summary
Fungal diseases are manifested as active infections and/or secretion of mycotoxins on growth of fungi in different tissues of animals. Hassan et al [1,5] have reported that the conjugation of metals nanomaterials with natural oils significantly improved the antifungal activity They have detected that the composites of AgNPs, ZnONPs, and essential oils can effectively prevent the growth of fungal and bacterial pathogens. Hassan et al [5,16,74] have reported the efficient conjugation of ZnNPs and AgNPs with cinnamon and olive oils for use at low safe doses for inhibition of growth of toxigenic A. flavus and E. coli and production of respective toxins, whereas, Wang et al [75] successfully detected that the hybrid of Au NPs with antibodies help in immune-chromatographic exploration and diagnosis of toxic AFM1 in milk. Montazeri et al [82] have synthesized and evaluated an aminopropyl functionalized MSN-econazole topical cream formulation against Candida albicans skin infections and observed improved antifungal activity at lower concentrations of the loaded drug
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