Abstract
This study investigated the effect of CAPE on planktonic growth, biofilm-forming abilities, mature biofilms, and cell death of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis strains. Our results showed a strain- and dose-dependent effect of CAPE on Candida, and the MIC values were between 12.5 and 100 µg/mL. Similarly, the MBIC values of CAPE ranging between 50 and 100 µg/mL highlighted the inhibition of the biofilm-forming abilities in a dose-dependent manner, as well. However, CAPE showed a weak to moderate biofilm eradication ability (19-49%) on different Candida strains mature biofilms. Both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis after CAPE treatment were observed in certain tested Candida strains. Our study has displayed typical apoptotic hallmarks of CAPE-induced chromatin margination, nuclear blebs, nuclear condensation, plasma membrane detachment, enlarged lysosomes, cytoplasm fragmentation, cell wall distortion, whole-cell shrinkage, and necrosis. In conclusion, CAPE has a concentration and strain-dependent inhibitory activity on viability, biofilm formation ability, and cell death response in the different Candida species.
Highlights
The genus Candida refers to a yeast that is part of the microbiota of healthy individuals living in commensalism with the human
It has been found that Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has a strain- and Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1359 of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC80) values for CAPE against different C
The hig hibitory effect was seen against C. glabrata Szeged Microbial Collection (SZMC) 1378, C. glabrata SZMC 1374, and 3 of 16resistan apsilosis SZMC 8008 compared with the other strains
Summary
The genus Candida refers to a yeast that is part of the microbiota of healthy individuals living in commensalism with the human. In some cases, few Candida species tend to be opportunistic fungal pathogens, causing candidiasis. Most of the infections may lead to minor symptoms such as slight localized rashes, redness, itching, and discomfort, though symptoms can be severe or even fatal if left without treatment in immunocompromised individuals [1,2,3]. Candidiasis is attributed to Candida albicans, ; non-albicans Candida species, including C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata, have been reported to cause 30% to 54%. The ability of these species to exhibit multidrug resistance, which may cause failure of the antifungal therapy, has been reported in earlier studies [6]
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