Antifungal activity of rapamycin on Botryosphaeria dothidea and its effect against Chinese hickory canker.

Abstract

The trunk canker caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a devastating disease for Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis) in China. Chemical fungicides are commonly and repeatedly applied to control the disease; however, fungicide application raises major environmental and food safety issues. Ecofriendly biocontrol alternatives were urgently needed. Herein, the antifungal activity of a natural secondary metabolite, rapamycin, against B. dothidea and the effect of a rapamycin-producing Streptomyces hygroscopicus on C. cathayensis canker were investigated. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50 ) of rapamycin against mycelial growth and spore germination on the potato dextrose agar were 5.1 × 10-3 and 5.5× 10-2 μg mL-1 , respectively, which were much lower than the EC50 values of thiophanate-methyl. The hyphae of B. dothidea exhibited premature aging and wrinkling after treatment with rapamycin at 5.0 × 10-3 μg mL-1 . A rapamycin-producing bacterium S. hygroscopicus LYJ637 was batch produced and formulated in a carboxymethylcellulose/poly (vinyl alcohol) (CMC/PVA) blend and used for testing the efficiency of the bacterium in controlling Botryosphaeria canker in C. cathayensis. S. hygroscopicus exhibited high stability in the CMC/PVA blend. Results of a 3-year field experiment suggested that rapamycin formation reduced the occurrence of both developed cankers and new cankers, with an efficacy comparable to the treatment with thiophanate-methyl. The rapamycin-producing S. hygroscopicus LYJ637 carried in a CMC/PVA blend prevented effectively Botryosphaeria canker on Chinese hickory, which provides an alternative approach to chemical control strategies.