Abstract
Introduction: In several regions of the world, Fusarium oxysporum causes losses on tomato crops; for control it, chemical fungicides are used. Nevertheless, these fungicides causing environmental and resistance problems; therefore, ecological alternatives as plant extracts have been developed. Due to the aim of this work, identify phytochemicals present in ethanolic and aqueous extracts from Agave lechuguilla qualitatively, Carya illinoinensis, Jatropha dioica, Larrea tridentata, and Lippia graveolens and determine their antifungal activity against F. oxysporum.Method: The plants collected from the northeast of Mexico; crudes and concentrated plant extracts obtained; the inhibition percentage and inhibitory concentration to 50 % (IC50) of F. oxysporum for each plant extract were determinate trough microdilution in the plate methodResults: The essential phytochemicals were flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and quinones. The antifungal activity showed at 1000 mg/L inhibition around 40 to 60% by aqueous crude extracts from leaves of L. graveolens and concentrated aqueous extracts from the stem of L. graveolens, respectively. The ethanolic extracts presented 100 % of inhibition for crude extracts of husk from C. illinoinensis; in leaves and stem from L. graveolens the inhibition started from 250 mg/L; for resuspended extracts, the inhibition started from 125 mg/L with L. graveolens stem and leaves; and finally in roots of A. lechuguilla and leaves from L. graveolens the inhibition started from to 250 and 500 mg/L respectively. The best IC50 was of 8.02 mg/L from the ethanolic resuspended extract of L. graveolens stem.Conclusion: The ethanolic plant extracts from L. graveolens, A. lechuguilla, and C. illinoinensis, showed 100 % of inhibiting activity against the development of F. oxysporum, representing an alternative for control of F. oxysporum.
Highlights
In several regions of the world, Fusarium oxysporum causes losses on tomato crops; for control it, chemical fungicides are used
Some of these plants are A. lechuguilla that exhibit the presence of steroidal saponins; C. illinoinensis with a high content of total phenolics compounds; that causes enzymatic inhibition by compound oxidation; J. dioica with a considerable amount of phytochemicals; L. tridentata with flavonoids, triterpenes, and triterpenoids; and L. graveolens that present phytochemical compounds like essential oils, iridoids, flavonoids and naphthoquinones (Blunden et al, 1980; Do Prado et al, 2009; García-Bores et al, 2017; Martínez et al, 2014; Martins et al 2013)
The identified phytochemicals from ethanolic extracts are in Table 2; from A. lechuguilla both leaves and roots were identified compounds like carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins, and tannins; in the case of C. illinoinensis husk extracts alkaloids, flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, quinones, coumarins, purines and carotenoids presented; for J. dioica root extract observed saponins, tannins, quinones, and purines; while L. tridentata extract presented alkaloids, flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, quinones, coumarins, and carotenoids; in L. graveolens extracts both leaves and steam alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, quinones, coumarins, and carotenoids identified
Summary
In several regions of the world, Fusarium oxysporum causes losses on tomato crops; for control it, chemical fungicides are used These fungicides causing environmental and resistance problems; ecological alternatives as plant extracts have been developed. At present exist several methods to control the F. oxysporum; chemical control is the most used; several reports indicate that farmers use intensive applications of synthetics products, triggering on phytopathogenic microorganisms resistance (Bautista-Baños, 2006) For these reasons, at present, there is a great necessity to develop alternatives methods for the control of plant diseases (Jeong et al, 2017). Some of these plants are A. lechuguilla that exhibit the presence of steroidal saponins; C. illinoinensis with a high content of total phenolics compounds; that causes enzymatic inhibition by compound oxidation; J. dioica with a considerable amount of phytochemicals; L. tridentata with flavonoids, triterpenes, and triterpenoids; and L. graveolens that present phytochemical compounds like essential oils, iridoids, flavonoids and naphthoquinones (Blunden et al, 1980; Do Prado et al, 2009; García-Bores et al, 2017; Martínez et al, 2014; Martins et al 2013)
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