Abstract
Phenolic compounds, the most widely distributed class of natural products in the plants, show several biological properties including antifungal activity. Phenolics contained in grapes can be classified in two main groups, flavonoids and non-flavonoids compounds. Variability and yield extraction of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from different matrices of Vitis vinifera depends of cultivar, climate, soil condition and process technology. Unripe grapes, berry skins and seeds, leaves, canes and stems and not-fermented and fermented pomaces represent large reusable and valuable wastes from agricultural and agro-industrial processes. This review summarizes studies that examine the extraction method, chemical characterization, and antifungal activity of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from edible and non-edible V. vinifera matrices against human fungal pathogens. In the world, around one billion people have fungal diseases related to skin, nail or hair and around 150 million have systemic diseases caused by fungi. Few studies on antifungal activity of plant extracts have been performed. This review provides useful information for the application of V. vinifera phenolics in the field of antifungals for human use.
Highlights
Every year fungi infect billions of people
Obtained from wine and table cultivars of V. vinifera L., grown in different agronomic conditions, for the first time, Simonetti et al [16] demonstrated a significant correlation between anti-Candida activity and the content of the flavan-3-ols in Grape seed extract (GSE), with a polymerization degree ≥ 4
Eslami et al reported the activity GSE against C. glabrata and C. krusei; the results showed the same antifungal susceptibility with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 50 μg/mL [50]
Summary
Every year fungi infect billions of people. Despite the high number of infections and high mortality rates, fungal diseases remain poorly studied. In several studies performed to analyze antifungal activity of grape seed extracts against Candida species, no detailed chemical analysis has been conducted to identify phenolic compounds [50,51]. 4. Antifungal Activity of Crude Extracts, Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds from Leaves, Stems, Canes of V. vinifera Against Human Pathogenic Fungi. Regarding the antifungal activity of GSE obtained from wine and table cultivars of V. vinifera L., grown in different agronomic conditions, for the first time, Simonetti et al [16] demonstrated a significant correlation between anti-Candida activity and the content of the flavan-3-ols in GSE, with a polymerization degree ≥ 4. Grape peel extracts obtained using different solvents as water, ethanol, acetone and methanol, have study, V. vinifera grape seed extracts at 1000 μg/mL showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus been screened against A. niger and A. versicolor. Feldman and colleagues showed that proanthocyanidins were able to reduce the adherence properties of C. albicans attenuating the inflammatory response, interfering with NF-κB p65 activation and the phosphorylation of specific signal intracellular kinases [90]
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