Abstract
Marine macroalgae produce a wide variety of biologically-active metabolites that have been developed into commercial products, such as antibiotics, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic agents, and cosmetic products. Many marine algae remain clean over longer periods of time, suggesting their strong antifouling potential. Isolation of biogenic compounds and the determination of their structure could provide leads for the development of environmentally-friendly antifouling paints. Isolated substances with potent antifouling activity belong to fatty acids, lipopeptides, amides, alkaloids, lactones, steroids, terpenoids, and pyrroles. It is unclear as yet to what extent symbiotic microorganisms are involved in the synthesis of these compounds. Algal secondary metabolites have the potential to be produced commercially using genetic and metabolic engineering techniques. This review provides an overview of publications from 2010 to February 2017 about antifouling activity of green, brown, and red algae. Some researchers were focusing on antifouling compounds of brown macroalgae, while metabolites of green algae received less attention. Several studies tested antifouling activity against bacteria, microalgae and invertebrates, but in only a few studies was the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of marine macroalgae tested. Rarely, antifouling compounds from macroalgae were isolated and tested in an ecologically-relevant way.
Highlights
Biofouling is the undesirable growth of micro- and macro-fouling organisms on submerged surfaces [1]
Investigators usually do not take into account that epibiotic microorganisms are associated with recovered algal metabolites and analyzed them through liquid or gas chromatography coupled with macroalgae (Figure 6)
Surfaces marine commonlyactivity coveredin bythe different species of bacteria, microalgae, racemosa, and of Codium sp.macroalgae had some are quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory absence of microbes, the activities of and fungi, whose composition and density vary with environmental conditions and extracts from these algae with microbes were significantly higher [21]
Summary
Biofouling is the undesirable growth of micro- (bacteria and protists) and macro-fouling (invertebrates and algae) organisms on submerged surfaces [1]. Many organisms excrete specific microorganisms associated with surfaces of marine algae, and corals prevent secondary metabolites that repel or deter biofouling species [8].sponges, it wascan shown that the colonization of hosts by other fouling organisms [2,3,5]. Since 2010, more than 160 scientific publications about antifouling products from marine algae have been published (Figure 1a). These include articles, reviews and book chapters. We review thefrom antifouling compounds from green, brown, red and highlight future trends. Of Weaction, review the antifouling from green, brown, and red macroalgae, their mechanisms and provide futurecompounds perspectives.
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