Abstract
Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of Ammania aegyptiaca ethanol extract (AEEE) showed high concentrations of polyphenol and flavonoid content, with notable antioxidant activity. Undescribed acylated diglucoside flavonol myricetin 3-O-β-4C1-(6″-O-galloyl glucopyranoside) 7-O-β-4C1-glucopyranoside (MGGG) was isolated from the aerial parts of AEEE, along with four known polyphenols that had not been characterized previously from AEEE. The inhibitory effects of MGGG, AEEE, and all compounds against α-amylase, pancreatic lipase and β-glucosidase were assessed. In addition, molecular docking was used to determine the inhibition of digestive enzymes, and this confirmed that the MGGG interacted strongly with the active site residues of these enzymes, with the highest binding free energy against α-amylase (−8.99 kcal/mol), as compared to the commercial drug acarbose (−5.04 kcal/mol), thus justifying its use in the potential management of diabetes. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, AEEE significantly decreased high serum glucose, α-amylase activity and serum liver and kidney function markers, as well as increasing insulin blood level. Moreover, AEEE improved the lipid profile of diabetic animals, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and inhibited lipid peroxidation. Histopathological studies proved the decrease in pancreas damage and supported the biochemical findings. These results provide evidence that AEEE and MGGG possess potent antidiabetic activity, which warrants additional investigation.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major metabolic disorder leading to high morbidity and mortality rates around the world [1]
Obesity leads to increased cytokine production, fat deposition in body tissues and mitochondrial dysfunction, which results in insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell apoptosis [6]
A concentrated aqueous ethanol extract (3:1) of aegyptiaca ethanol extract (AEEE) was prepared from fresh aerial samples of aegyptiaca (Willd.) Koehne Waste (AE)
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major metabolic disorder leading to high morbidity and mortality rates around the world [1]. It results in complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, stroke, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and a variety of heterogeneous diseases [4], more than 95% of which are type 2 diabetes (T2D). It develops as a result of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, resulting in hyperglycemia [5]. Obesity leads to increased cytokine production, fat deposition in body tissues and mitochondrial dysfunction, which results in insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell apoptosis [6]
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