Abstract
Background It has been proposed that antidepressants can induce a chronic, dysphoric, irritable state in bipolar patients (called ACID for antidepressant-associated chronic irritable dysphoria). This phenomenon has only been described in case series format, and has not been prospectively validated. Methods Prospective data from the first 1500 patients (62.7% with bipolar I, 30.1% with bipolar II, and 7.2% with NOS) treated in the STEP-BD database were examined and those who were euthymic for at least one month at study entry, subsequently developed a depressive episode, and were then followed for one year were identified. Outcome of those who received an antidepressant for this depressive episode ( n = 27) was compared to those who did not ( n = 56), with particular attention given to the presence of the proposed symptom triad of ACID, namely dysphoria, irritability, and middle insomnia. Results Patients treated with antidepressants were ten times more likely to develop ACID than those who were not (Hazard ratio = 9.95, CI = 1.103–89.717, P = 0.04). However, the hazard ratio dropped to 1.05 ( P = 0.99) when corrected for significant covariates, notably past antidepressant-related manic switch and sex. Discussion This study does not support the existence of ACID as an independent phenomenon. Rather, ACID appears to be part of a broader spectrum of antidepressant treatment-emergent affective switches.
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