Anticipatory Postural Adjustment During Self-Initiated, Cued, and Compensatory Stepping in Healthy Older Adults and Patients With Parkinson Disease

Abstract

ObjectiveTo characterize anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) across a variety of step initiation tasks in people with Parkinson disease (PD) and healthy subjects. DesignCross-sectional study. Step initiation was analyzed during self-initiated gait, perceptual cued gait, and compensatory forward stepping after platform perturbation. People with PD were assessed on and off levodopa. SettingUniversity research laboratory. ParticipantsPeople (N=31) with PD (n=19) and healthy aged-matched subjects (n=12). InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresMediolateral (ML) size of APAs (calculated from center of pressure recordings), step kinematics, and body alignment. ResultsWith respect to self-initiated gait, the ML size of APAs was significantly larger during the cued condition and significantly smaller during the compensatory condition (P<.001). Healthy subjects and patients with PD did not differ in body alignment during the stance phase prior to stepping. No significant group effect was found for ML size of APAs between healthy subjects and patients with PD. However, the reduction in APA size from cued to compensatory stepping was significantly less pronounced in PD off medication compared with healthy subjects, as indicated by a significant group by condition interaction effect (P<.01). No significant differences were found comparing patients with PD on and off medications. ConclusionsSpecific stepping conditions had a significant effect on the preparation and execution of step initiation. Therefore, APA size should be interpreted with respect to the specific stepping condition. Across-task changes in people with PD were less pronounced compared with healthy subjects. Antiparkinsonian medication did not significantly improve step initiation in this mildly affected PD cohort.