Abstract
This study shows the effects of spices, and their phenolic and flavonoid compounds, on prostate cell lines (PNT1A, 22RV1 and PC3). The results of an MTT assay on extracts from eight spices revealed the strongest inhibitory effects were from black pepper and caraway seed extracts. The strongest inhibitory effect on prostatic cells was observed after the application of extracts of spices in concentration of 12.5 mg·mL−1. An LC/MS analysis identified that the most abundant phenolic and flavonoid compounds in black pepper are 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and naringenin chalcone, while the most abundant phenolic and flavonoid compounds in caraway seeds are neochlorogenic acid and apigenin. Using an MTT assay for the phenolic and flavonoid compounds from spices, we identified the IC50 value of ~1 mmol·L−1 PNT1A. The scratch test demonstrated that the most potent inhibitory effect on PNT1A, 22RV1 and PC3 cells is from the naringenin chalcone contained in black pepper. From the spectrum of compounds assessed, the naringenin chalcone contained in black pepper was identified as the most potent inhibitor of the growth of prostate cells.
Highlights
At present, the influence of dietary habits and food quality, in terms of substance content, on the development of cancer is being increasingly studied [1]
The results indicate that the best and most stable inhibitory effects were due to treatment with extracts from caraway seeds and black pepper
The MTT assay we performed on the extracts from eight spices revealed the strongest inhibitory effects of caraway seeds and black pepper on the tested cell lines
Summary
The influence of dietary habits and food quality, in terms of substance content, on the development of cancer is being increasingly studied [1]. Spices have been involved in the human diet for plenty of years, and used as essential additional ingredients for much cooking, and as seasoning. Could they be considered to be one of the major sources of anticarcinogenic compounds because they contain antioxidants and other biologically active molecules? Cinnamon and caraway seeds are reported to have anti-inflammatory effects [6,7,8]. Cinnamon and caraway seeds are shown to have anticarcinogenic effects [6,7].
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