Anticancer Drug Disulfiram for In Situ RAFT Polymerization: Controlled Polymerization, Multifacet Self-Assembly, and Efficient Drug Delivery

Abstract

Here we report the synthesis of a well-defined amphiphilic conjugate, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram, DS)-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (DS-PEGMEA), and its multifacet self-assembly in aqueous solutions and application in DS drug delivery to melanoma cells. The DS-PEGMEA was synthesized via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization utilizing DS, a 90 year old anticancer drug, as a precursor to generate RAFT agent in situ. Results demonstrate that the in situ formed RAFT can effectively control the polymerization of PEGMEA. Depending on the concentration in aqueous solution, the amphiphilic DS-PEGMEA conjugate can self-assemble to form layered, toroidal, hairy, or spherical nanostructures, respectively. Moreover, DS drug can be further encapsulated by DS-PEGMEA to formulate core-shell structured DS/DS-PEGMEA nanoparticles mediating the apoptosis of melanoma cells (A375) while inducing minimal cytotoxicity to normal (hADSC and NIH fibroblast) cells. Both DS and PEGMEA are approved by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA); therefore, the DS-PEGMEA has great potential for application in clinical drug delivery to melanoma.