Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, and Neuroprotective Effect of Oleocanthal from Virgin Olive Oil – A Review

Abstract

Background: Oleocanthal (OC), a phenolic compound found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), is renowned for its bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. OC has been shown to inhibit the growth of various cancer cells, such as colon, breast, liver, and melanoma. Additionally, its potential role in neuroprotection, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, has been extensively researched. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, dynamics, and therapeutic mechanisms of OC. Databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were used to identify studies on OC’s therapeutic effects, particularly in cancer, Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, and microbial infections. Results: OC demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and reducing pro-inflammatory signaling molecules. It also showed significant anticancer activity by modulating pathways like the apoptotic and HGF/c-Met pathways. In Alzheimer's disease, OC reduced astrocyte inflammation and promoted the clearance of amyloid beta proteins, supporting its neuroprotective role. Moreover, OC exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, further contributing to its therapeutic potential. Conclusion: Oleocanthal exhibits promising therapeutic effects across a range of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. However, while its in vitro pharmacological properties are well-established, further in vivo studies are needed to fully understand its potential as a medicinal agent. The findings of this review underscore OC’s potential to serve as a therapeutic lead molecule for a variety of conditions.