Anticancer activity of Saussurea lappa extract by apoptotic pathway in KB human oral cancer cells

Abstract

Context: Saussurea lappa Dence (Compositae) is used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat abdominal pain and tenesmus in East Asia. Current studies have shown that S. lappa has anticancer activity in divergent of cancer cells. However, the effects of S. lappa on oral cancer and its mechanisms of action have yet to be elucidated.Objective: To explore its potential chemotherapeutic effects and mechanism of cell growth inhibition on human oral cancer cells.Materials and methods: The dried roots of S. lappa were used in this study. Cell viability of KB cells was evaluated by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay after treatment with 30 µg/ml of methanol extract from the dried roots of S. lappa. To understand whether its effect on cell death is related with apoptosis pathway, we performed DNA fragmentation assay, western blot, caspase activity assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis.Results: Treatment of S. lappa extract onto KB cells reduced cell viability significantly with an IC50 value of 30 µg/ml. The formation of a DNA ladder was observed starting at the 24 h treatment. In western blotting analysis, the S. lappa extract induced the proteolytic processing of caspase-3, -9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, a significant increase of Bax and marked reduction of Bcl-2. We also confirmed the activation of caspase-3/-7 in living KB cells by fluorescence microscopy.Conclusion: These results suggested that S. lappa extract inhibited cell proliferation through the apoptosis pathway in KB human oral cancer cells.