Abstract
This paper describes the substances of plant and marine origin that have anticancer properties. The chemical structure of the molecules of these substances, their properties, mechanisms of action, their structure–activity relationships, along with their anticancer properties and their potential as chemotherapeutic drugs are discussed in this paper. This paper presents natural substances from plants, animals, and their aquatic environments. These substances include the vinca alkaloids, mistletoe plant extracts, podophyllotoxin derivatives, taxanes, camptothecin, combretastatin, and others including geniposide, colchicine, artesunate, homoharringtonine, salvicine, ellipticine, roscovitine, maytanasin, tapsigargin, and bruceantin. Compounds (psammaplin, didemnin, dolastin, ecteinascidin, and halichondrin) isolated from the marine plants and animals such as microalgae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, invertebrates (e.g., sponges, tunicates, and soft corals) as well as certain other substances that have been tested on cells and experimental animals and used in human chemotherapy.
Highlights
The development of cancer registries throughout the world has led to a search for novel drugs that are toxic to the cancer cells while having no harmful effect on normal cells
Catharanthus alkaloids are used in combination with other antineoplastic agents, for example, vinblastine is used with doxorubicin, bleomycin, and dacarbazine [25] and vincristine is used in combination with bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, and prednisone (Scheme of German Hodgkin Study Group developed a dose-escalated and accelerated combined modality regimen) [22], vinorelbine, and cisplatin [26,27]
Studies have shown that plant-derived compounds in combination with anticancer drugs have great potential to destroy tumour cells while not affecting normal cells such as lymphocytes and fibroblasts
Summary
The development of cancer registries throughout the world has led to a search for novel drugs that are toxic to the cancer cells while having no harmful effect on normal cells. Numerous anticancer drugs isolated from plant materials are tested on cells (including various cancer cell lines) and experimental animals after purification and sent to clinical trials. One approach is to obtain these substances through extractions from the plant materials Another approach is to use biotechnological tools to produce plant-derived anticancer compounds. The work describes the compounds of plant origin, their occurrence and variety of mechanisms of action, e.g., binding to microtubules, topoisomerase inhibition, binding to DNA, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Their properties have been tested on various cancer cell lines, experimental animals, and in human chemotherapy. The uses, mechanisms of action, and doses of natural compounds from plants and the marine environment are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively
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