Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death and a vital health care challenge in the world. Hence, this work was conducted to determine the in vitro anticancer property and also the molecular mechanism of aqueous and organic extracts of Ipomoea purpurea leaves in three human cancer cell lines, including A-549 (human lung cancer), HepG-2 (human liver cancer), MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer), and MCF-10A (breast normal cell line). In vitro cytotoxic potential of organic extracts, such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl-acetate, methanol, and aqueous extract was examined using a standard (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) MTT method in both monolayer two-dimensional (2D) and spheroids multicellular three-dimensional (3D) cultures. The MTT assay data showed that methanol and chloroform extracts of I. purpurea leaves had the antiproliferative effect on lung and breast cancer cells with IC50 of 53.62 ± 0.07 and 124.5 ± 0.01 µg/mL, respectively. The results of further examinations, such as dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide, Annexin V-FITC/PI, and caspase-3 colorimetric assay, confirmed that methanol and chloroform extracts of I. purpurea as the most potent cytotoxic extracts might contain a variety of phytochemicals, promoting apoptosis in lung and breast cancer cells. The present research findings suggested that methanolic extract of I. purpurea leaves induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in A-549 lung cancer cells. The study further showed that I. purpurea could be a helpful candidate for cancer treatment.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the most vital health care challenges worldwide [1, 2]
The inhibitory activities of aqueous and organic extracts of I. purpurea leaves on A-549, HepG-2, MDA-MB-231 human cancer cell lines, and MCF-10A as a normal cell line were examined with the MTT assay
Treatment with methanol and chloroform leaves extracts of I. purpurea diminished the viability of A-549 and MDA-MB-23 cells in a concentration and time-dependent approach, after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure (Figure 1). e data revealed that the increase in extracts concentration of up to 400 μg/mL could decrease the cell viability primarily (P < 0.05) in a concentrationdependent mode in both cell lines
Summary
Cancer is one of the most vital health care challenges worldwide [1, 2]. Its prevalence and corresponding death indicate its growth rate in developing and developed countries [3, 4]. e cancer incidence is on a stable increase rate, with 7.6 million deaths in 2008, which has been predicted to double in 2030 [2]. Its prevalence and corresponding death indicate its growth rate in developing and developed countries [3, 4]. E cancer incidence is on a stable increase rate, with 7.6 million deaths in 2008, which has been predicted to double in 2030 [2]. There is no anticancer treatment with 100% efficacy and no side effects [2,3,4]. Due to the severe adverse effects of current chemotherapeutics, much attention is being paid to plants as natural sources to ameliorate cancer treatment [6, 7]. More than 60% of approved anticancer drugs are either natural products or their derivatives; herbs serve as a significant source of anticancer agents [8,9,10,11]. Over 3,000 species of plants with anticancer properties have
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