Abstract
Background: Enteroviruses are a group of common non-enveloped RNA viruses that cause symptoms ranging from mild respiratory infections to paralysis. Due to the abundance of enterovirus infections it is hard to distinguish between on-going and previous infections using immunological assays unless the IgM fraction is studied. Methods: In this study we show using Indirect ELISA and capture IgM ELISA that an IgG antibody response against the nonstructural enteroviral proteins 2A and 3C can be used to distinguish between IgM positive (n = 22) and IgM negative (n = 20) human patients with 83% accuracy and a diagnostic odds ratio of 30. Using a mouse model, we establish that the antibody response to the proteases is short-lived compared to the antibody response to the structural proteins in. As such, the protease antibody response serves as a potential marker for an acute infection. Conclusions: Antibody responses against enterovirus proteases are shorter-lived than against structural proteins and can differentiate between IgM positive and negative patients, and therefore they are a potential marker for acute infections.
Highlights
Enteroviruses are non-enveloped positive stranded RNA-viruses (Group IV viruses) that cause a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild respiratory infections to severe conditions such myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, and systemic “septic” infections in young infants [1].In addition to acute infections, enteroviruses have been linked to the development of chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathies, asthma, and autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes where persistent viral infections may be involved [2,3,4,5,6]
The results suggest that the analysis of antibodies against viral proteases provides information that helps to diagnose acute enterovirus infections
Animals were infected with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or mock-infected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS)
Summary
Enteroviruses are non-enveloped positive stranded RNA-viruses (Group IV viruses) that cause a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild respiratory infections to severe conditions such myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, and systemic “septic” infections in young infants [1].In addition to acute infections, enteroviruses have been linked to the development of chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathies, asthma, and autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes where persistent viral infections may be involved [2,3,4,5,6]. Enteroviruses are non-enveloped positive stranded RNA-viruses (Group IV viruses) that cause a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild respiratory infections to severe conditions such myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, and systemic “septic” infections in young infants [1]. Enteroviruses are a group of common non-enveloped RNA viruses that cause symptoms ranging from mild respiratory infections to paralysis. The protease antibody response serves as a potential marker for an acute infection. Conclusions: Antibody responses against enterovirus proteases are shorter-lived than against structural proteins and can differentiate between IgM positive and negative patients, and they are a potential marker for acute infections
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