Antibody and T-cell responses to coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in common variable immunodeficiency and specific antibody deficiency

Abstract

BackgroundClinical trials of the mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines excluded individuals with primary antibody deficiencies. ObjectiveTo evaluate whether antibody and T-cell responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and specific antibody deficiency (SAD) were comparable to those in healthy controls. MethodsWe measured antibody responses against the spike glycoprotein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 specific T-cell responses using peripheral blood mononuclear cells 2 to 8 weeks after the subjects completed the primary 2-dose vaccine series. ResultsThe study comprised 12 patients with CVID, 7 patients with SAD, and 10 controls. Individuals with CVID had lower immunoglobulin (Ig) G and Ig A levels against spike glycoprotein than did both individuals with SAD (P = .27 and P = .01, respectively) and controls (P = .01 and P = .004, respectively). The CVID group developed lower IgG titers against the RBD epitope than did the control group (P = .01). Participants with CVID had lower neutralizing titers than did the control group (P = .002). All participants with SAD developed neutralizing titers. All 3 groups (SAD, CVID, and control) developed antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses after vaccination. ConclusionOur results suggest that patients with CVID may have impaired antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination but intact T-cell responses, whereas patients with SAD would be expected to have both intact antibody and T-cell responses to vaccination.