Antibodies to PfEMP1 and variant surface antigens: Protection after controlled human malaria infection in semi-immune Kenyan adults

Abstract

Acquisition of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigens (VSA) expressed on infected red blood cells (iRBCs) is associated with naturally acquired immunity to malaria. We have previously shown that antibodies to VSA on iRBCs are associated with protection against parasite growth in the context of controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). This study explored whether antibodies to recombinant antigens derived from PfEMP1 domains were independently associated with protection during CHMI in semi-immune Kenyan adults. We used a multiplex bead assay to measure levels of IgG antibody against a panel of 27 recombinant PfEMP1 antigens derived from the PfEMP1 repertoire of the 3D7 parasite clone. We measured IgG levels in plasma samples collected from the CHMI participants before inoculation with Sanaria® PfSPZ Challenge, on the day of diagnosis, and 35 days post-inoculation. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the levels of antibodies to the antigens and CHMI outcome. We also adjusted for previous data including antibodies to VSA on iRBCs, and we assessed the kinetics of antibody acquisition to the different PfEMP1 recombinant antigens over time. All study participants had detectable antibodies to multiple PfEMP1 proteins before inoculation. All PfEMP1 antigens were associated with protection against parasite growth to the threshold criteria for treatment in CHMI, albeit with substantial collinearity. However, individual PfEMP1 antigens were not independently associated with protection following adjustment for breadth of reactivity to VSA on iRBCs and schizont extract. In addition, antibodies to PfEMP1 antigens derived from group B PfEMP1 were induced and sustained in the participants who could not control parasite growth. This study shows that the breadth of antibody response to VSA on iRBCs, and not to specific PfEMP1 antigens, is predictive of protection against malaria in CHMI.