Abstract
Multidrug-resistant pathogens are now emergent worldwide and pose a serious threat to disease prevention and treatment. The World Health Organization declared anti-microbial resistance as a major peril to human beings. Staphylococcus is part of the normal microbiome of humans and are responsible for opportunistic infections. Like S. aureus, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus are also clinically important as the causal agents of severe diseases, nosocomial infections, catheter-associated infection, bacteremia, septicemia. Methicillin resistant Staphylococci species are widely known and methicillin resistant CoNS, known as MR-CoNS, have been found to carry the mecA gene. Various virulence factors help these organisms in their pathogenicity and antibiotic-resistance is aided by the presence of efflux pumps. In our study, we have isolated 45 isolates from sewage water which were tentatively identified as CoNS based on biochemical characteristics. Then virulence and antibiotics susceptibility patterns were screened by standard protocols. Multiple drug resistant CoNS were found in our study and in silico analysis of an annotated protein sequence of the efflux pump SepA of Pseudomonas putida was carried out. Sequence analysis of the efflux protein gene revealed that it is phylogenetically related to the AcrA of Staphylococcus sp. and a RND transporter of Vibrio sp. The widespread presence of MR-CoNS is a cause for serious concern as sewage treatment plants are reservoirs for the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Highlights
The staphylococci are gram-positive microorganisms, the size around 0.5μm- 1 μm in diameter
S. epidermidis are most frequently involved in bloodstream infections (BSI) in developing countries [7]
Antimicrobial resistance microorganisms have increased rampantly worldwide, which is a serious threat to humans and other animals
Summary
The staphylococci are gram-positive microorganisms, the size around 0.5μm- 1 μm in diameter. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MR-CoNS) is a dangerous pathogen that causes infection in various parts of the human body. It causes mild infections on the skin, like sores, boil, or abscesses, but it can cause severe infections such as infection of the bloodstream, surgical wounds, the lungs, or urinary tract infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causes severe infection, which is different from MR-CoNS. In India, bloodstream infections (BSI) are caused by Staphylococcus species and CoNS are involved in causing BSI. Those infections are acquired in healthcare settings. S. epidermidis are most frequently involved in BSI in developing countries [7]
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