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Abstract
Acinetobacter spp. occur naturally in many different habitats, including food, soil, and surface waters. In clinical settings, Acinetobacter poses an increasing health problem, causing infections with limited to no antibiotic therapeutic options left. The presence of human generated multidrug resistant strains is well documented but the extent to how widely they are distributed within the Acinetobacter population is unknown. In this study, Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from water samples at 14 sites of the whole course of the river Danube. Susceptibility testing was carried out for 14 clinically relevant antibiotics from six different antibiotic classes. Isolates showing a carbapenem resistance phenotype were screened with PCR and sequencing for the underlying resistance mechanism of carbapenem resistance. From the Danube river water, 262 Acinetobacter were isolated, the most common species was Acinetobacter baumannii with 135 isolates. Carbapenem and multiresistant isolates were rare but one isolate could be found which was only susceptible to colistin. The genetic background of carbapenem resistance was mostly based on typical Acinetobacter OXA enzymes but also on VIM-2. The population of Acinetobacter (baumannii and non-baumannii) revealed a significant proportion of human-generated antibiotic resistance and multiresistance, but the majority of the isolates stayed susceptible to most of the tested antibiotics.
Highlights
The genus Acinetobacter consists of over 40 known species that can be isolated from various habitats including soil, sediment surface, and wastewater [1]
All samples were taken during the research expedition of the Joint Danube Survey 2013 (JDS3)
This study shows for the first time the susceptibility phenotypes of Acinetobacter of a total European river system
Summary
The genus Acinetobacter consists of over 40 known species that can be isolated from various habitats including soil, sediment surface, and wastewater [1]. They have the ability to colonize human skin and are responsible for a growing number of nosocomial outbreaks worldwide. The most striking characteristic of Acinetobacter spp. is their natural resistance to many antibiotics and the ability to develop new resistances under antibiotic pressure. They overexpress efflux pumps, harbor β-lactamases, and are characterized by low membrane permeability [2]. Public Health 2018, 15, 52; doi:10.3390/ijerph15010052 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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