Abstract
Introduction. Bacteria isolated from skin, gills, and fish intestines from aquaculture ponds, ornamental fish stores/aquariums and live fish markets were investigated. Materials and Methods. Disk diffusion and E-test were used for susceptibility testing to carbapenems, ureidopenicillins with or without ?-lactamase inhibitor, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, colistin, fluoroquinolones, and chloramphenicol. PCR was used to detect resistance genes in the bacterial isolates. Results and Conclusions. Among the total number of bacteria tested, regardless of the genus and species, 56.7% of isolates were found to be sensitive to all antibiotics, 23.1% of isolates were resistant to one or two antibiotics, and 20.2% of isolates were resistant to three and up to 16 antibiotics. In A. hydrophila isolated from a guppy (Poecilia reticulata) sampled in an ornamental fish store aquarium, 16S rRNA methyltransferase was confirmed by finding the rmtB gene. Pseudomonas isolates showing phenotypic resistance to carbapenems, ureidopenicillins with or without ?-lactamase inhibitor and 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins were tested and found negative for different resistance genes by PCR (M?L, ESBL, KPC, OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-40, OXA-58, VIM, IMP, SPM, GIM, NDM, TEM, SHV, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-9, OXA-1, OXA-9 and the AmpC group, as well as single genes, MOXM, CITM, ACCM, EBCM, FOXM, DHAM). Based on E-test results, three Pseudomonas isolates from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were found to be resistant to colistin with MIC values of 4 ?g/mL.
Highlights
Bacteria isolated from skin, gills, and fish intestines from aquaculture ponds, ornamental fish stores/aquariums and live fish markets were investigated
Among the total number of bacteria tested, regardless of the genus and species, 56.7% of isolates were found to be sensitive to all antibiotics, 23.1% of isolates were resistant to one or two antibiotics, and 20.2% of isolates were resistant to three and up to 16 antibiotics
In A. hydrophila isolated from a guppy (Poecilia reticulata) sampled in an ornamental fish store aquarium, 16S rRNA methyltransferase was confirmed by finding the rmtB gene
Summary
Bacteria isolated from skin, gills, and fish intestines from aquaculture ponds, ornamental fish stores/aquariums and live fish markets were investigated. All fish in fish-farm ponds can come into contact with administered antibiotics. Fish-farm ponds as a specific ecological niche have a huge influence on the accumulation and spread of resistant bacteria and their genes. In 2007, the World Health Organization compiled a list of antibiotics labelled as “critically important” that should not be used other than to treat people (WHO, 2007). Seven antibiotics from this list (amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, flumequin, sulphonamides and enoxacin) are commonly used in aquaculture worldwide (Soonthornchaikul & Garelick, 2009; Cabello, 2006)
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