Abstract
This study investigated the mechanisms of resistance in 36 E. coli isolated from waste, litter, soil and water samples collected from poultry farms in Southwestern Nigeria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions of the isolates were determined using the methods of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute and resistance genes detected by PCR. A total of 30 isolates (94%) showed resistance to more than one antimicrobial. Percentage resistance was: tetracycline 81%, sulphamethoxazole 67%, streptomycin 56%, trimethoprim 47 %, ciprofloxacin 42%, ampicillin 36%, spectinomycin 28%, nalidixic acid 25%, chloramphenicol 22%, neomycin 14%, gentamicin 8%, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftiofur, cefotaxime, colistin, florfenicol and apramycin 0%. Resistance genes found among the isolates include bla-TEM (85%), sul2 (67%), sul3 (17%), aadA (65%), strA (70%), strB (61%), catA1 (25%), cmlA1 (13%), tetA (21%) and tetB (17%). Class 1 and 2 integrons were found in five (14%) and six (17%) isolates, respectively, while one isolate was positive for both classes of integrons. Seven out of eight isolates with resistance to ciprofloxacin and MIC ≤ 32 mg/L to nalidixic acid contained qnrS genes. Our findings provided additional evidence that the poultry production environment in Nigeria represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes such as qnrS that may spread from livestock production farms to human populations via manure and water.
Highlights
This study investigated the mechanisms of resistance in 36 E. coli isolated from waste, litter, soil and water samples collected from poultry farms in Southwestern Nigeria
Our primary aim is to assess the potential of the poultry production environment in Nigeria as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes that can be mobilized into human populations
The water samples were collected as previously described [18] while samples of soil; litter and faecal materials were collected in sterile polythene sample bags as described [6].The eight farms included in the study were selected from Ogbomoso and Ibadan in Oyo State (8o 0′ N 4o 0′ E) and Osogbo in Osun State (7 o 46′ N 4 o 34′ E) of Southwestern Nigeria
Summary
Antimicrobial drug use in livestock production has been implicated as a risk factor in the development and dissemination of drug resistance from livestock production farms [1,2]. In Nigeria, antimicrobial agents are routinely used in livestock production especially as additives to feed and water [6] This may result in a selective advantage and a consequent increase in the abundance of resistant bacteria in animals, their wastes and surrounding environment [5]. The few studies that have investigated antibiotic resistance in E. coli from the poultry production system in Nigeria stopped at phenotypic level without a corresponding investigation of the molecular mechanisms of resistance [17] Such studies are warranted because of the potentials of E. coli as reservoirs of transferable antibiotic resistance genes that could be disseminated into human populations as a result of the contact with animal wastes. Integrated poultry, swine and Furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, 1200 birds, 120 aquaculture operation in a rural streptomycin sulphonamides, doxycycline, pigs agricultural community. Our primary aim is to assess the potential of the poultry production environment in Nigeria as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes that can be mobilized into human populations
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