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Abstract
Salmonella is one of the major causes of foodborne disease outbreaks globally. Specifically, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the major causes of zoonotic Salmonella infection in humans worldwide. In this study, we present data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and plasmid profiles of S. Enteritidis strains isolated from patients, food, and the environment in Siberia and the Far East of Russia obtained during Salmonella monitoring between 1990 and 2017. A total of 345 S. Enteritidis isolates were tested by the disk diffusion method with a set of 15 antibiotics using EUCAST breakpoints v. 10 and by plasmid profile analysis using the alkaline lysis method. The results have shown a substantial decrease in susceptibility to aminoglycosides and quinolones during the study period. No significant differences were found in the susceptibility of strains between regions as well as in the its correlation with different plasmid types of the pathogen. Several S. Enteritidis strains were found to be resistant to ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and cephalosporins. All tested S. Enteritidis strains were susceptible only to imipenem. In this study, we observed a relatively low level of AMR in S. Enteritidis strains isolated in Siberia and the Far East of Russia. Nevertheless, it is important to continue the molecular genetic monitoring and AMR surveillance of S. Enteritidis to track further increases in AMR using conventional phenotypic susceptibility testing and by introducing whole-genome sequencing to identify AMR mechanisms.
Highlights
Salmonellosis remains one of the most concerning bacterial enteric infections throughout Russia
Enteritidis strains belonged to the top ten plasmid types of the pathogen found to be widespread in the abovementioned regions of Russia: 59 kb (96 strains), 59:2.1 kb (29 strains), 59:3.6:2.1 kb (27 strains), 59:3.9:2.1 kb (19 strains), 59:39:2.1 kb (30 strains), 59:4.5:2.1kb (55 strains), 59:45 kb (28 strains), 59:45:2.1 kb (11 strains), 59:45:3.4 kb (28 strains), and 59:6.7 kb (22 strains) [6]
This profile allowed for each of the ten major plasmid types of the pathogen to be presented, which were identified in almost all regions of Siberia and the Far East of Russia included in the study
Summary
Salmonellosis remains one of the most concerning bacterial enteric infections throughout Russia. This is confirmed by morbidity rates over the last five years, both in the country and at the regional levels. In Russia, most Salmonella strains identified in microbiological laboratories of medical institutions are not tested for susceptibility to antibiotics. This is because current standards do not regulate the antibiogram guidelines for salmonellosis, and empiric therapy is commonly used. An analysis of the available literature, shows an increase in the drug resistance of Salmonella strains to antimicrobial agents in different regions of Russia and worldwide due to misuse [2,3]. Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have increased the need to understand the susceptibility of Salmonella strains that are currently circulating in different countries and their administrative regions to antimicrobial drugs for adequate etiotropic therapy [4,5]
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